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was operated at full power

  • 1 power

    1. noun
    1) (ability) Kraft, die

    do all in one's power to help somebody — alles in seiner Macht od. seinen Kräften Stehende tun, um jemandem zu helfen

    2) (faculty) Fähigkeit, die; Vermögen, das (geh.); (talent) Begabung, die; Talent, das
    3) (vigour, intensity) (of sun's rays) Kraft, die; (of sermon, performance) Eindringlichkeit, die; (solidity, physical strength) Kraft, die; (of a blow) Wucht, die
    4) (authority) Macht, die, Herrschaft, die ( over über + Akk.)

    she was in his power — sie war in seiner Gewalt

    5) (personal ascendancy)

    [exercise/get] power — Einfluss [ausüben/gewinnen] ( over auf + Akk.)

    6) (political or social ascendancy) Macht, die

    hold power — an der Macht sein

    come into power — an die Macht kommen

    balance of power — Kräftegleichgewicht, das

    7) (authorization) Vollmacht, die
    8) (influential person) Autorität, die; (influential thing) Machtfaktor, der

    be the power behind the throne — (Polit.) die graue Eminenz sein

    the powers that be — die maßgeblichen Stellen; die da oben (ugs.)

    9) (State) Macht, die
    10) (coll.): (large amount) Menge, die (ugs.)
    11) (Math.) Potenz, die
    12) (mechanical, electrical) Kraft, die; (electric current) Strom, der; (of loudspeaker, engine, etc.) Leistung, die
    13) (deity) Macht, die
    2. transitive verb
    [Treibstoff, Dampf, Strom, Gas:] antreiben; [Batterie:] mit Energie versehen od. versorgen
    * * *
    1) ((an) ability: A witch has magic power; A cat has the power of seeing in the dark; He no longer has the power to walk.) die Kraft
    2) (strength, force or energy: muscle power; water-power; ( also adjective) a power tool (=a tool operated by electricity etc. not by hand).) die Kraft; mit Elektrizität betrieben
    3) (authority or control: political groups fighting for power; How much power does the Queen have?; I have him in my power at last) die Macht
    4) (a right belonging to eg a person in authority: The police have the power of arrest.) die Befugnis
    5) (a person with great authority or influence: He is quite a power in the town.) einflußreiche Persönlichkeit
    6) (a strong and influential country: the Western powers.) die Macht
    7) (the result obtained by multiplying a number by itself a given number of times: 2 × 2 × 2 or 23 is the third power of 2, or 2 to the power of 3.) die Potenz
    •
    - academic.ru/117970/powered">powered
    - powerful
    - powerfully
    - powerfulness
    - powerless
    - powerlessness
    - power cut
    - failure
    - power-driven
    - power point
    - power station
    - be in power
    * * *
    pow·er
    [ˈpaʊəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. n
    1. no pl (control) Macht f; (influence) Einfluss m
    gay/black \power movement Schwulenbewegung f/schwarze Bürgerrechtsbewegung
    to be in sb's \power völlig unter jds Einfluss stehen
    to have sb in one's \power jdn in seiner Gewalt haben
    to have \power over sb/sth (control) Macht über jdn/etw haben; (influence) Einfluss auf jdn/etw haben
    he has a mysterious \power over her sie ist ihm auf eine rätselhafte Art verfallen
    2. no pl (political control) Macht f
    absolute \power absolute Macht
    to come to \power an die Macht kommen
    executive/legislative \power die exekutive/legislative Gewalt
    to fall from \power die Macht abgeben müssen
    to be in/out of \power an der Macht/nicht an der Macht sein
    to restore sb to \power jdn wieder an die Macht bringen
    to be returned to \power wieder [o erneut] an die Macht kommen
    to seize \power die Macht ergreifen [o übernehmen
    3. (nation) [Führungs]macht f
    industrial/military \power Industriemacht/Militärmacht f
    naval [or sea] \power Seemacht f
    nuclear \power Atommacht f
    the West's leading \powers die westlichen Führungsmächte
    world \power Weltmacht f
    4. (person, group) Macht f; (person also) treibende Kraft
    ▪ \powers pl (group) Kräfte pl
    she is becoming an increasingly important \power in the company sie wird innerhalb des Unternehmens zunehmend wichtiger
    Mother Teresa was a \power for good Mutter Teresa hat viel Gutes bewirkt
    the \powers of darkness die Mächte pl der Finsternis
    5. no pl (right) Berechtigung f, Befugnis f
    it is [with]in my \power to order your arrest ich bin dazu berechtigt, Sie unter Arrest zu stellen
    to have the \power of veto das Vetorecht haben
    ▪ \powers pl Kompetenz[en] f[pl]
    to act beyond one's \powers seine Kompetenzen überschreiten
    to give sb full \powers to do sth jdn bevollmächtigen, etw zu tun
    7. no pl (ability) Vermögen nt, Macht f
    it is beyond my \power to... es steht nicht in meiner Macht,...
    the doctors will soon have it within their \power to... die Ärzte werden bald in der Lage sein,...
    \power of absorption Absorptionsvermögen nt
    to do everything in one's \power alles in seiner Macht Stehende tun
    to have the [or have it in one's] \power to do sth die Fähigkeit haben, etw zu tun, etw tun können
    they have the \power to destroy us sie haben die Macht, uns zu zerstören
    ▪ \powers pl Vermögen nt kein pl, Fähigkeiten pl
    \powers of concentration Konzentrationsfähigkeit f
    \powers of endurance Durchhaltevermögen nt
    to be at the height [or peak] of one's \powers auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Leistungsfähigkeit sein
    intellectual/mental \powers intellektuelle/geistige Fähigkeiten
    \powers of observation Beobachtungsfähigkeit f
    \powers of persuasion Überzeugungskraft f
    9. no pl (strength) Kraft f, Stärke f; (of sea, wind, explosion) Gewalt f; (of nation, political party) Stärke f, Macht f
    economic \power Wirtschaftsmacht f
    explosive \power Sprengkraft f a. fig
    military \power militärische Stärke
    10. no pl (emotion) Intensität f; of words Macht f
    a poet of immense \power eine Dichterin von unglaublicher Ausdruckskraft
    11. no pl (electricity) Strom m, Elektrizität f
    to cut off the \power den Strom abstellen
    to disconnect the \power den Strom abschalten
    hydroelectric \power Wasserkraft f
    nuclear \power Atomenergie f
    solar \power Solarenergie f, Sonnenenergie f
    source of \power Energiequelle f, Energielieferant m
    12. no pl (output) Leistung f, Kraft f
    full \power ahead! volle Kraft voraus!
    13. no pl (dioptres) Stärke f
    what's the magnification \power of your binoculars? wie stark ist Ihr Fernglas?
    14. no pl MATH Potenz f
    \power of ten Zehnerpotenz f
    two to the \power [of] four [or to the fourth \power] zwei hoch vier
    three raised to the \power of six drei in die sechste Potenz erhoben
    15.
    ▶ the \powers that be die Mächtigen
    it's up to the \powers that be to decide what... sollen die da oben doch entscheiden, was... fam
    ▶ to do sb a \power of good ( fam) jdm wirklich gut tun
    ▶ more \power to your elbow [or AM to you]! nur zu!, viel Erfolg!
    ▶ \power behind the throne graue Eminenz
    II. n modifier
    1. (electric) (source, supply) Strom-
    \power failure [or loss] Stromausfall m
    \power industry Energiewirtschaft f
    \power output elektrische Leistung, Stromleistung f
    \power switch [Strom]schalter m
    2. (political) (block, game, structure) Macht-
    \power politics Machtpolitik f
    \power struggle Machtkampf m
    \power vacuum Machtvakuum nt
    III. vi
    1. (speed)
    ▪ to \power somewhere irgendwohin sausen [o fam rasen
    2. (work hard) sich akk mächtig ins Zeug legen fam
    IV. vt
    ▪ to \power sth etw antreiben
    diesel-\powered trucks Lkws mit Dieselantrieb
    * * *
    ['paʊə(r)]
    1. n
    1) no pl (= physical strength) Kraft f; (= force of blow, explosion etc) Stärke f, Gewalt f, Wucht f; (fig of argument etc) Überzeugungskraft f

    the power of love/logic/tradition — die Macht der Liebe/Logik/Tradition

    2) (= faculty, ability of hearing, imagination) Vermögen nt no pl

    mental/hypnotic powers — geistige/hypnotische Kräfte pl

    he did all in his power to help them —

    it's beyond my power or not within my power to... — es steht nicht in meiner Macht, zu...

    4) (no pl = sphere or strength of influence, authority) Macht f; (JUR, parental) Gewalt f; (usu pl = thing one has authority to do) Befugnis f

    he has the power to act — er ist handlungsberechtigt

    the power of the police/of the law — die Macht der Polizei/des Gesetzes

    the party now in power — die Partei, die im Augenblick an der Macht ist

    "student/worker power" — "Macht den Studenten/Arbeitern"

    5) (= person or institution having authority) Autorität f, Machtfaktor m

    to be the power behind the scenes/throne — die graue Eminenz sein

    the powers of darkness/evil — die Mächte der Finsternis/des Bösen

    6) (= nation) Macht f
    7) (= source of energy nuclear, electric power etc) Energie f; (of water, steam) Energie f, Kraft f

    power on/off (technical device) —

    the ship made port under her own power — das Schiff lief mit eigener Kraft in den Hafen ein

    8) (of engine, machine, loudspeakers, transmitter) Leistung f; (of microscope, lens, sun's rays, drug, chemical) Stärke f

    the power of suggestion —

    9) (MATH) Potenz f

    to the power (of) 2 — hoch 2, in der 2. Potenz

    10) (inf

    = a lot of) a power of help — eine wertvolle or große Hilfe

    2. vt
    (engine) antreiben; (fuel) betreiben

    powered by electricity/by jet engines — mit Elektro-/Düsenantrieb

    3. vi
    (runner, racing car) rasen

    the swimmer powered through the water —

    * * *
    power [ˈpaʊə(r)]
    A s
    1. Kraft f, Stärke f, Macht f, Vermögen n:
    it was out of ( oder not in) his power to do it es stand nicht in seiner Macht, es zu tun;
    more power to your elbow! bes Br umg viel Erfolg!;
    do all in one’s power alles tun, was in seiner Macht steht;
    it is beyond my power es übersteigt meine Kraft
    2. (auch physische) Kraft, Energie f
    3. Wucht f, Gewalt f, Kraft f
    4. meist pl
    a) (hypnotische etc) Kräfte pl
    b) (geistige) Fähigkeiten pl:
    power to concentrate, power(s) of concentration Konzentrationsvermögen n, -fähigkeit f; → observation A 3, persuasion 2 Talent n
    5. Macht f, Gewalt f, Autorität f, Herrschaft f ( alle:
    over über akk):
    the power of money die Macht des Geldes;
    be in power an der Macht oder umg am Ruder sein;
    be in sb’s power in jemandes Gewalt sein;
    come into power an die Macht oder umg ans Ruder kommen, zur Macht gelangen;
    have sb in one’s power jemanden in seiner Gewalt haben;
    have (no) power over sb (keinen) Einfluss auf jemanden haben; → key1 A 1
    6. JUR (Handlungs-, Vertretungs)Vollmacht f, Befugnis f:
    power of testation Testierfähigkeit f; → attorney b, full1 A 11, go beyond
    7. POL Gewalt f (als Staatsfunktion): → legislative A 1, separation 1, etc
    8. POL (Macht)Befugnis f, (Amts)Gewalt f
    9. POL Macht f, Staat m: → Great Powers
    10. Machtfaktor m, einflussreiche Stelle oder Person:
    the powers that be die maßgeblichen (Regierungs)Stellen;
    11. höhere Macht:
    the heavenly powers die himmlischen Mächte; → darkness 4
    12. Powers pl REL Mächte pl (6. Ordnung der Engel)
    13. umg Menge f:
    it did him a power of good es hat ihm unwahrscheinlich gutgetan
    14. MATH Potenz f:
    power series Potenzreihe f;
    raise to the third power in die dritte Potenz erheben
    15. ELEK, PHYS Kraft f, Leistung f, Energie f:
    power per unit surface ( oder area) Flächenleistung
    16. ELEK (Stark)Strom m
    17. RADIO, TV Sendestärke f
    18. TECH
    a) mechanische Kraft, Antriebskraft f
    b) → horsepower 1:
    a) mit laufendem Motor,
    b) (mit) Vollgas;
    power off mit abgestelltem Motor, im Leerlauf;
    under one’s own power mit eigener Kraft, fig a. unter eigener Regie
    19. OPT Vergrößerungskraft f, (Brenn)Stärke f (einer Linse)
    B v/t TECH mit (mechanischer etc) Kraft betreiben, antreiben, (mit Motor) ausrüsten: → rocket-powered
    C v/i TECH mit Motorkraft fahren
    p. abk
    1. page S.
    2. part T.
    3. LING participle Part.
    4. past
    5. Br penny, pence
    6. per
    7. post, after
    P abk
    3. PHYS power;
    4. PHYS pressure
    pr abk
    1. pair
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (ability) Kraft, die

    do all in one's power to help somebody — alles in seiner Macht od. seinen Kräften Stehende tun, um jemandem zu helfen

    2) (faculty) Fähigkeit, die; Vermögen, das (geh.); (talent) Begabung, die; Talent, das
    3) (vigour, intensity) (of sun's rays) Kraft, die; (of sermon, performance) Eindringlichkeit, die; (solidity, physical strength) Kraft, die; (of a blow) Wucht, die
    4) (authority) Macht, die, Herrschaft, die ( over über + Akk.)

    [exercise/get] power — Einfluss [ausüben/gewinnen] ( over auf + Akk.)

    balance of power — Kräftegleichgewicht, das

    7) (authorization) Vollmacht, die
    8) (influential person) Autorität, die; (influential thing) Machtfaktor, der

    be the power behind the throne — (Polit.) die graue Eminenz sein

    the powers that be — die maßgeblichen Stellen; die da oben (ugs.)

    9) (State) Macht, die
    10) (coll.): (large amount) Menge, die (ugs.)
    11) (Math.) Potenz, die
    12) (mechanical, electrical) Kraft, die; (electric current) Strom, der; (of loudspeaker, engine, etc.) Leistung, die
    13) (deity) Macht, die
    2. transitive verb
    [Treibstoff, Dampf, Strom, Gas:] antreiben; [Batterie:] mit Energie versehen od. versorgen
    * * *
    (of) n.
    Macht ¨-e (über) f. (exponent, Mathematics) n.
    (Mathematik) f. n.
    Einfluss -¨e m.
    Energie -n f.
    Herrschaft f.
    Kraft ¨-e f.
    Leistung -en f.
    Potenz -en f.
    Strom ¨-e m.
    Vermögen - n.

    English-german dictionary > power

  • 2 power

    1) ((an) ability: A witch has magic power; A cat has the power of seeing in the dark; He no longer has the power to walk.) poder; facultad, capacidad, habilidad
    2) (strength, force or energy: muscle power; water-power; (also adjective) a power tool (=a tool operated by electricity etc. not by hand).) energía, fuerza
    3) (authority or control: political groups fighting for power; How much power does the Queen have?; I have him in my power at last) poder
    4) (a right belonging to eg a person in authority: The police have the power of arrest.) poder; autoridad
    5) (a person with great authority or influence: He is quite a power in the town.) persona poderosa/influyente, pez gordo
    6) (a strong and influential country: the Western powers.) potencia
    7) (the result obtained by multiplying a number by itself a given number of times: 2 × 2 × 2 or 23 is the third power of 2, or 2 to the power of 3.) potencia
    •
    - powerful
    - powerfully
    - powerfulness
    - powerless
    - powerlessness
    - power cut
    - failure
    - power-driven
    - power point
    - power station
    - be in power
    1. poder
    2. energía / potencia / fuerza
    3. fuerza / electricidad
    tr['paʊəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (strength, force) fuerza; (of sun, wind) potencia, fuerza; (of argument) fuerza
    2 (ability, capacity) poder nombre masculino, capacidad nombre femenino
    4 (control, influence, authority) poder nombre masculino; (of country) poderío, poder nombre masculino
    5 (nation) potencia; (person, group) fuerza
    6 SMALLPHYSICS/SMALL (capacity, performance) potencia; (energy) energía
    7 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL electricidad nombre femenino, corriente nombre femenino
    8 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL potencia
    1 propulsar, impulsar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in power estar en el poder
    to come to power llegar al poder
    to do somebody a power of good hacer a alguien mucho bien
    to have somebody in one's power tener a alguien en su poder
    to rise to power subir al poder
    to seize/take power tomar el poder, hacerse con el poder
    power base zona de influencia
    power cut apagón nombre masculino, corte nombre masculino del suministro eléctrico
    power drill taladradora mecánica
    power failure corte nombre masculino del suministro eléctrico
    power of attorney SMALLLAW/SMALL poder notarial nombre masculino, procuración nombre femenino
    power point enchufe nombre masculino, toma de corriente
    power saw sierra mecánica, motosierra
    power station central nombre femenino eléctrica
    power steering dirección nombre femenino asistida
    power struggle lucha por el poder
    solar power energía solar
    power ['paʊər] vt
    : impulsar, propulsar
    1) authority: poder m, autoridad f
    executive powers: poderes ejecutivos
    2) ability: capacidad f, poder m
    3) : potencia f (política)
    foreign powers: potencias extranjeras
    4) strength: fuerza f
    5) : potencia f (en física y matemáticas)
    n.
    • autoridad s.f.
    • dominación s.f.
    • efecto s.m.
    • eminencia s.f.
    • empuje s.m.
    • energía (Electricidad) s.f.
    • facultad s.m.
    • fuero s.m.
    • fuerza s.f.
    • mando s.m.
    • poder s.m.
    • poderío s.m.
    • potencia (Física) s.f.
    • potestad s.f.
    v.
    • accionar v.
    • impulsar v.
    'paʊər, 'paʊə(r)
    I
    1)
    a) u (control, influence) poder m; ( of country) poderío m, poder m

    power OVER somebody/something — poder sobre alguien/algo

    to be in power — estar* en or ocupar el poder

    balance of power — equilibrio m de fuerzas

    to seize power — tomar el poder, hacerse* con el poder

    to come to power — llegar* or subir al poder; (before n)

    power sharing — compartimiento m del poder

    power struggle — lucha f por el poder

    b) u c ( official authority) poder m

    power to + INF — poder para + inf

    power of veto — derecho m de veto

    2) c
    a) ( nation) potencia f
    b) (person, group)

    the powers that be — los que mandan, los que detentan el poder

    3) u
    a) (physical strength, force) fuerza f

    more power to your elbow — (colloq) bien hecho!

    b) (of engine, loudspeaker, transmitter, telescope) potencia f

    processing power — capacidad f de procesamiento

    c) (of tradition, love) poder m, fuerza f; ( of argument) fuerza f, lo poderoso or convincente
    4)
    a) u (ability, capacity)

    I did everything in my power — hice todo lo que estaba en mi(s) mano(s), hice todo lo que me era posible

    b) ( specific faculty) (often pl)

    power(s) of concentration — capacidad f or poder m de concentración

    mental powers — inteligencia f, facultades fpl mentales

    he was at the height of his power(s) — estaba en su mejor momento or en la plenitud de sus facultades

    5) u
    a) (Eng, Phys) potencia f; ( particular source of energy) energía f

    solar power — energía solar; (before n)

    power steering — dirección f asistida

    b) ( electricity) electricidad f; (before n)

    power cable — cable m de energía eléctrica

    power lines — cables mpl de alta tensión

    power point — (BrE) toma f de corriente, enchufe m, tomacorriente(s) m (AmS)

    power tool — herramienta f eléctrica

    6) u ( Math) potencia f

    10 to the power of 4/of 3 — 10 (elevado) a la cuarta potencia/al cubo

    7) ( a lot)

    to do somebody a power of good — hacerle* a alguien mucho bien


    II
    1.

    steam-powered — a or de vapor


    2.
    vi ( move rapidly) (colloq) (+ adv compl)
    [paʊǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) (=control) poder m ; (physical strength) fuerza f

    • to have power over sb — tener poder sobre algn

    • to have sb in one's power — tener a algn en su poder

    • to have the power of life and death over sb — tener poder para decidir sobre la vida de algn

    2) (Pol) poder m, poderío m

    • to be in power — estar en el poder

    • to come to power — subir al poder

    • to fall from power — perder el poder

    • power to the people! — ¡el pueblo al poder!

    3) (Mil) (=capability) potencia f, poderío m

    • a nation's air/ sea power — la potencia aérea/naval de un país, el poderío aéreo/naval de un país

    4) (=authority) poder m, autoridad f

    she has the power to act — tiene poder or autoridad para actuar

    • it was seen as an abuse of his power — se percibió como un abuso de poder por su parte

    • power of attorney — (Jur) poder m, procuración f

    • that is beyond or outside my power(s) — eso no es de mi competencia

    • to exceed one's powers — excederse en el ejercicio de sus atribuciones or facultades

    • he has full powers to negotiate a solution — goza de plenos poderes para negociar una solución

    • power of veto — derecho m de veto

    • that does not fall within my power(s) — eso no es de mi competencia

    5) (=ability, capacity)

    • it is beyond his power to save her — no está dentro de sus posibilidades salvarla, no puede hacer nada para salvarla

    • powers of concentration — capacidad f de concentración

    • to be at the height of one's powers — estar en plenitud de facultades

    • powers of imagination — capacidad f imaginativa

    • to do all or everything in one's power to help sb — hacer todo lo posible por ayudar a algn

    • powers of persuasion — poder m de persuasión or convicción

    purchasing 2.
    6) (=mental faculty) facultad f

    • mental powers — facultades fpl mentales

    • the power of speech — la facultad del habla

    7) (=nation) potencia f

    • the Great Powers — las grandes potencias

    • one of the great naval powers — una de las grandes potencias navales

    • the leaders of the major world powers — los líderes de las principales potencias mundiales

    8) (=person in authority)

    • the powers that be — las autoridades, los que mandan

    • the powers of darkness or evil — las fuerzas del mal

    9) (=forcefulness) [of argument] fuerza f

    the power of love/thought — el poder del amor/del intelecto

    a painting of great power — un cuadro de gran impacto, un cuadro que causa honda impresión

    10) [of engine, machine] potencia f, fuerza f ; [of telescope] aumento m ; (=output) rendimiento m

    • microwave on full power for one minute — póngalo con el microondas a plena potencia durante un minuto

    • engines at half power — motores mpl a medio gas or a media potencia

    • magnifying power — capacidad f de aumento, número m de aumentos

    • the ship returned to port under her own power — el buque volvió al puerto impulsado por sus propios motores

    11) (=source of energy) energía f ; (=electric power) electricidad f

    • they cut off the power — cortaron la corriente

    • nuclear power — energía f nuclear

    12) (Math) potencia f

    7 to the power (of) 3 — 7 elevado a la 3 a potencia, 7 elevado al cubo

    13) * (=a lot of)

    • that holiday did me a power of good — esas vacaciones me hicieron mucho bien

    the new training methods have done their game a power of good — el nuevo método de entrenamiento ha supuesto una notable mejoría en su juego

    2.
    VT

    a racing car powered by a 4.2 litre engine — un coche de carreras impulsado por un motor de 4,2 litros

    - powered
    3.
    CPD

    power base N — base f de poder

    power breakfast N — desayuno m de negocios

    power broker N — (Pol) poder m en la sombra

    power cable N — cable m de energía eléctrica

    power cut N — (Brit) corte m de luz or de corriente, apagón m

    power dressing N — moda f de ejecutivo

    power drill N — taladro m eléctrico, taladradora f eléctrica

    power failure N — fallo m del suministro eléctrico

    power game N — (esp Pol) juego m del poder

    power line N — línea f de conducción eléctrica, cable m de alta tensión

    power list N — lista f de las personas más influyentes

    power lunch N — comida f de negocios

    power outage (US) N — = power cut

    power plant N — (=generator) grupo m electrógeno

    (US) = power station

    power play N — (Sport) demostración f de fuerza (en el juego ofensivo); (from temporary suspension) superioridad f (en el ataque); (fig) (=use of power) maniobra f de poder, demostración f de fuerza; (=power struggle) lucha f por el poder

    power point N — (Brit) (Elec) enchufe m, toma f de corriente

    power politics N — política fsing de fuerza

    power saw N — motosierra f, sierra f mecánica

    power shower N — ducha f de hidromasaje

    power station N — central f eléctrica, usina f eléctrica (S. Cone)

    power steering N — (Aut) dirección f asistida

    power structure N — estructura f del poder

    power struggle N — lucha f por el poder

    power supply N — suministro m eléctrico

    power surge N — (Elec) subida f de tensión

    power tool N — herramienta f eléctrica

    power trio N — (Mus) trío m eléctrico

    power unit N — grupo m electrógeno

    power vacuum N — vacío m de poder

    power workers NPL — trabajadores mpl del sector energético

    * * *
    ['paʊər, 'paʊə(r)]
    I
    1)
    a) u (control, influence) poder m; ( of country) poderío m, poder m

    power OVER somebody/something — poder sobre alguien/algo

    to be in power — estar* en or ocupar el poder

    balance of power — equilibrio m de fuerzas

    to seize power — tomar el poder, hacerse* con el poder

    to come to power — llegar* or subir al poder; (before n)

    power sharing — compartimiento m del poder

    power struggle — lucha f por el poder

    b) u c ( official authority) poder m

    power to + INF — poder para + inf

    power of veto — derecho m de veto

    2) c
    a) ( nation) potencia f
    b) (person, group)

    the powers that be — los que mandan, los que detentan el poder

    3) u
    a) (physical strength, force) fuerza f

    more power to your elbow — (colloq) bien hecho!

    b) (of engine, loudspeaker, transmitter, telescope) potencia f

    processing power — capacidad f de procesamiento

    c) (of tradition, love) poder m, fuerza f; ( of argument) fuerza f, lo poderoso or convincente
    4)
    a) u (ability, capacity)

    I did everything in my power — hice todo lo que estaba en mi(s) mano(s), hice todo lo que me era posible

    b) ( specific faculty) (often pl)

    power(s) of concentration — capacidad f or poder m de concentración

    mental powers — inteligencia f, facultades fpl mentales

    he was at the height of his power(s) — estaba en su mejor momento or en la plenitud de sus facultades

    5) u
    a) (Eng, Phys) potencia f; ( particular source of energy) energía f

    solar power — energía solar; (before n)

    power steering — dirección f asistida

    b) ( electricity) electricidad f; (before n)

    power cable — cable m de energía eléctrica

    power lines — cables mpl de alta tensión

    power point — (BrE) toma f de corriente, enchufe m, tomacorriente(s) m (AmS)

    power tool — herramienta f eléctrica

    6) u ( Math) potencia f

    10 to the power of 4/of 3 — 10 (elevado) a la cuarta potencia/al cubo

    7) ( a lot)

    to do somebody a power of good — hacerle* a alguien mucho bien


    II
    1.

    steam-powered — a or de vapor


    2.
    vi ( move rapidly) (colloq) (+ adv compl)

    English-spanish dictionary > power

  • 3 работать на полную мощность

    •

    When in full production (or at full load, or at full blast - sl.) the station will provide...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > работать на полную мощность

  • 4 Behr, Fritz Bernhard

    [br]
    b. 9 October 1842 Berlin, Germany
    d. 25 February 1927
    [br]
    German (naturalized British in 1876) engineer, promoter of the Lartigue monorail system.
    [br]
    Behr trained as an engineer in Britain and had several railway engineering appointments before becoming associated with C.F.M.-T. Lartigue in promoting the Lartigue monorail system in the British Isles. In Lartigue's system, a single rail was supported on trestles; vehicles ran on the rail, their bodies suspended pannier-fashion, stabilized by horizontal rollers running against light guide rails fixed to the sides of the trestles. Behr became Managing Director of the Listowel \& Ballybunion Railway Company, which in 1888 opened its Lartigue system line between those two places in the south-west of Ireland. Three locomotives designed by J.T.A. Mallet were built for the line by Hunslet Engine Company, each with two horizontal boilers, one either side of the track. Coaches and wagons likewise were in two parts. Technically the railway was successful, but lack of traffic caused the company to go bankrupt in 1897: the railway continued to operate until 1924.
    Meanwhile Behr had been thinking in terms far more ambitious than a country branch line. Railway speeds of 150mph (240km/h) or more then lay far in the future: engineers were uncertain whether normal railway vehicles would even be stable at such speeds. Behr was convinced that a high-speed electric vehicle on a substantial Lartigue monorail track would be stable. In 1897 he demonstrated such a vehicle on a 3mile (4.8km) test track at the Brussels International Exhibition. By keeping the weight of the motors low, he was able to place the seats above rail level. Although the generating station provided by the Exhibition authorities never operated at full power, speeds over 75mph (120 km/h) were achieved.
    Behr then promoted the Manchester-Liverpool Express Railway, on which monorail trains of this type running at speeds up to 110mph (177km/h) were to link the two cities in twenty minutes. Despite strong opposition from established railway companies, an Act of Parliament authorizing it was made in 1901. The Act also contained provision for the Board of Trade to require experiments to prove the system's safety. In practice this meant that seven miles of line, and a complete generating station to enable trains to travel at full speed, must be built before it was known whether the Board would give its approval for the railway or not. Such a condition was too severe for the scheme to attract investors and it remained stillborn.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.Fayle, 1946, The Narrow Gauge Railways of Ireland, Greenlake Publications, Part 2, ch. 2 (describes the Listowel \& Ballybunion Railway and Behr's work there).
    D.G.Tucker, 1984, "F.B.Behr's development of the Lartigue monorail", Transactions of
    the Newcomen Society 55 (covers mainly the high speed lines).
    See also: Brennan, Louis
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Behr, Fritz Bernhard

  • 5 Bacon, Francis Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 21 December 1904 Billericay, England
    d. 24 May 1992 Little Shelford, Cambridge, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, a pioneer in the modern phase of fuel-cell development.
    [br]
    After receiving his education at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, Bacon served with C.A. Parsons at Newcastle upon Tyne from 1925 to 1940. From 1946 to 1956 he carried out research on Hydrox fuel cells at Cambridge University and was a consultant on fuel-cell design to a number of organizations throughout the rest of his life.
    Sir William Grove was the first to observe that when oxygen and hydrogen were supplied to platinum electrodes immersed in sulphuric acid a current was produced in an external circuit, but he did not envisage this as a practical source of electrical energy. In the 1930s Bacon started work to develop a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell that operated at moderate temperatures and pressures using an alkaline electrolyte. In 1940 he was appointed to a post at King's College, London, and there, with the support of the Admiralty, he started full-time experimental work on fuel cells. His brief was to produce a power source for the propulsion of submarines. The following year he was posted as a temporary experimental officer to the Anti-Submarine Experimental Establishment at Fairlie, Ayrshire, and he remained there until the end of the Second World War.
    In 1946 he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Cambridge, receiving a small amount of money from the Electrical Research Association. Backing came six years later from the National Research and Development Corporation (NRDC), the development of the fuel cell being transferred to Marshalls of Cambridge, where Bacon was appointed Consultant.
    By 1959, after almost twenty years of individual effort, he was able to demonstrate a 6 kW (8 hp) power unit capable of driving a small truck. Bacon appreciated that when substantial power was required over long periods the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell associated with high-pressure gas storage would be more compact than conventional secondary batteries.
    The development of the fuel-cell system pioneered by Bacon was stimulated by a particular need for a compact, lightweight source of power in the United States space programme. Electro-chemical generators using hydrogen-oxygen cells were chosen to provide the main supplies on the Apollo spacecraft for landing on the surface of the moon in 1969. An added advantage of the cells was that they simultaneously provided water. NRDC was largely responsible for the forma-tion of Energy Conversion Ltd, a company that was set up to exploit Bacon's patents and to manufacture fuel cells, and which was supported by British Ropes Ltd, British Petroleum and Guest, Keen \& Nettlefold Ltd at Basingstoke. Bacon was their full-time consultant. In 1971 Energy Conversion's operation was moved to the UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, as Fuel Cells Ltd. Bacon remained with them until he retired in 1973.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1967. FRS 1972. Royal Society S.G. Brown Medal 1965. Royal Aeronautical Society British Silver Medal 1969.
    Bibliography
    27 February 1952, British patent no. 667,298 (hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell). 1963, contribution in W.Mitchell (ed.), Fuel Cells, New York, pp. 130–92.
    1965, contribution in B.S.Baker (ed.), Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell Technology, New York, pp. 1–7.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1992, Daily Telegraph (8 June).
    A.McDougal, 1976, Fuel Cells, London (makes an acknowledgement of Bacon's contribution to the design and application of fuel cells).
    D.P.Gregory, 1972, Fuel Cells, London (a concise introduction to fuel-cell technology).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Bacon, Francis Thomas

  • 6 Kraft

    Präp. (+ Gen) by virtue of; on the strength of; kraft Gesetzes by law
    * * *
    die Kraft
    fortitude; verdure; power; vigour; vigor; vigorousness; puissance; strength; force; vis; might
    * * *
    Krạft [kraft]
    f -, -e
    ['krɛftə]
    1) (körperlich, sittlich) strength no pl; (geistig, schöpferisch) powers pl; (militärisch, wirtschaftlich) strength, power; (von Prosa, Stimme) strength, power, force; (= Energie) energy, energies pl

    er weiß nicht wohin mit seiner Kraft (inf) — he's just bubbling over with energy

    er kann vor Kraft nicht mehr laufen (hum) — he's so muscle-bound he can hardly move

    die Kräfte ( mit jdm) messen — to try or pit one's strength (against sb); (fig) to pit oneself against sb

    mit letzter Kraft — with one's last ounce of strength

    die Kraft aufbringen, etw zu tun — to find the strength to do sth

    mit vereinten Kräften werden wir... — if we combine our efforts or if we join forces we will...

    das geht über meine Kräfte, das übersteigt meine Kräfte — it's more than I can take, it's too much for me

    mit aller or voller Kraft — with all one's might or strength

    er will mit aller Kraft durchsetzen, dass... — he will do his utmost to ensure that...

    aus eigener Kraft — by oneself; (fig auch) by one's own efforts, single-handedly

    nach ( besten) Kräften — to the best of one's ability

    er tat, was in seinen Kräften stand — he did everything (with)in his power

    nicht bei Kräften sein — not to be in very good shape

    See:
    → messen
    2) (PHYS einer Reaktion etc) force; (der Sonne etc) strength, power (no pl = Wirksamkeit, liter, BIBL = Macht) power
    3) (usu pl: in Wirtschaft, Politik etc) force
    4) no pl (JUR = Geltung) force

    in Kraft sein/treten/setzen — to be in/come into/bring into force

    außer Kraft sein — to have ceased to be in force, to be no longer in force

    außer Kraft setzen — to cancel, to annul

    5) no pl

    (NAUT: = Geschwindigkeit) halbe/volle Kraft voraus! — half/full speed ahead

    6) (= Arbeitskraft) employee, worker; (= Haushaltskraft) domestic help; (= Lehrkraft) teacher
    * * *
    die
    1) (strength or power that can be felt: the force of the wind.) force
    2) (a person or thing that has great power: the forces of Nature.) force
    3) ((an) ability: A witch has magic power; A cat has the power of seeing in the dark; He no longer has the power to walk.) power
    4) (strength, force or energy: muscle power; water-power; ( also adjective) a power tool (=a tool operated by electricity etc. not by hand).) power
    5) (the quality of being strong: He got his strength back slowly after his illness; I hadn't the strength to resist him.) strength
    * * *
    <-, Kräfte>
    [kraft, pl ˈkrɛftə]
    f
    1. (Stärke) strength, power; (Energie) energy
    ich hatte nicht die \Kraft, weiterzugehen I didn't have the strength to walk any further
    wenn man alle Kräfte zusammennimmt if you summon up all your strength
    er ist am Ende seiner Kräfte he can't take any more
    er kann vor \Kraft nicht mehr laufen (hum fam) he's so muscle-bound he can hardly move
    mit aller \Kraft with all one's strength
    sie wollen mit aller \Kraft durchsetzen, dass... they will do their utmost to ensure that...
    die \Kraft aufbringen, etw zu tun to find the strength to do sth
    nach besten Kräften to the best of one's ability
    bei Kräften bleiben to keep one's strength up
    aus eigener \Kraft by oneself [or one's own efforts]
    mit frischer \Kraft with renewed energy
    über jds Kräfte gehen to be more than sb can cope with
    das geht über meine Kräfte it's more than I can take
    geistige/schöpferische Kräfte mental/creative powers
    mit seinen Kräften Haus halten müssen to have to conserve one's strength
    wieder zu Kräften kommen to regain one's strength
    mit letzter \Kraft with one's last ounce of strength
    seine Kräfte [mit jdm] messen to try [or pit] one's strength [against sb]
    die militärische/wirtschaftliche \Kraft eines Landes the military/economic strength of a country
    seine Kräfte sammeln to gather one's strength
    nicht bei Kräften sein to not be in very good shape
    wieder bei Kräften sein to have [got] one's strength back
    in jds Kräften stehen to be within sb's powers
    sie tat, was in ihren Kräften stand she did everything [with]in her power
    ich will Ihnen gern[e] behilflich sein, soweit es in meinen Kräften steht I will do everything within my power to help you
    jds Kräfte übersteigen to be too much for sb
    mit vereinten Kräften with combined efforts, in a combined effort
    mit vereinten Kräften müssten wir es schaffen if we combine our efforts [or join forces] we should succeed
    die \Kraft der Verzweiflung the strength born of desperation
    nicht wissen, wohin mit seiner \Kraft (fam) to be brimming with energy
    ich weiß nicht, wohin mit meiner \Kraft I'm just bubbling over with energy
    2. kein pl JUR (Geltung) power, force
    außer \Kraft sein to be no longer [or have ceased to be] in force
    ein Gesetz außer \Kraft setzen to repeal a law
    außer \Kraft treten to cease to be in force
    in \Kraft bleiben/sein to remain/be in force
    in \Kraft seit... effective as from...; Gesetz operative from...
    in \Kraft treten to come [or enter] into force
    3. (Energie) power, force
    die heilende \Kraft der Sonne the healing power of the sun
    magnetische Kräfte magnetic attraction sing
    die treibende \Kraft the driving force
    halbe/volle \Kraft voraus! half/full speed ahead!
    5. meist pl ÖKON, POL (Einfluss nehmende Gruppe) force
    das Gleichgewicht der Kräfte the balance of power
    reaktionäre Kräfte rebel forces
    6. (Arbeitskraft) employee, worker
    ▪ Kräfte pl employees pl, workers pl, personnel + sing/pl vb, staff sing
    * * *
    die; Kraft, Kräfte

    geistige/schöpferische Kräfte — mental/creative powers

    wieder bei Kräften sein — have [got] one's strength back

    aus eigener Kraft — by oneself or one's own efforts

    ich werde tun, was in meinen Kräften steht — I shall do everything [with]in my power

    mit vereinten Kräften sollte es gelingen — if we join forces or combine our efforts we should succeed

    nach [besten] Kräften — to the best of one's ability

    2) (Wirksamkeit) power
    3) (ArbeitsKraft) employee; (in einer Fabrik) employee; worker

    Kräfte — employees/workers; personnel pl.; (Angestellte auch) staff pl.

    4) Plural (Gruppe) forces
    5) (Physik) force

    die treibende Kraft — (fig.) the driving force

    6) (Seemannsspr.)

    volle/halbe Kraft voraus! — full/half speed ahead!

    7) in

    außer Kraft setzen — repeal < law>; countermand < order>

    außer Kraft sein/treten — no longer be/cease to be in force

    in Kraft treten/sein/bleiben — come into/be in/remain in force

    * * *
    Kraft f; -, Kräfte
    1. körperlich: strength; (Tatkraft) energy; fig auch power;
    rohe Kraft brute force;
    am Ende seiner Kräfte at the end of one’s strength, at one’s last gasp;
    aus eigener Kraft by one’s own efforts, under one’s own steam;
    mit aller Kraft with all one’s might;
    mit frischen Kräften with renewed strength ( oder vigo[u]r);
    mit letzter Kraft with one’s last ounce of strength;
    nach besten Kräften to the best of one’s ability;
    übersteigt meine Kräfte that’s more than I can handle;
    Kräfte sammeln gather strength;
    an den Kräften zehren sap one’s strength ( oder energy);
    wieder bei Kräften sein have regained one’s strength ( oder energy); (gesund sein) be back on one’s feet;
    wieder zu Kräften kommen regain one’s strength ( oder energy); (gesund werden) get back on one’s feet;
    Kraft verleihen give strength (+dat to), fig einer Argumentation etc: lend force (to); → Spiel 1, vereint etc
    2. (Naturkraft, auch PHYS) force; (Energie) energy;
    überirdische Kräfte supernatural forces;
    heilende Kraft healing power;
    treibende Kraft driving force; fig auch powerhouse;
    Kraft und Masse force and mass;
    Arbeit ist Kraft mal Weg work is force times distance
    3. (Macht, auch TECH, ELEK) power;
    volle Kraft voraus SCHIFF full speed ahead;
    mit voller/halber Kraft at full/half speed
    4. (Arbeitskraft) employee, pl auch staff, personnel pl;
    wir müssen noch eine Kraft fürs Lager einstellen we need to take on another member of staff (US to hire somebody) for the warehouse
    5. (politische Kraft, Machtgruppe) force, power;
    dritte Kraft third force;
    reaktionäre/revolutionäre Kräfte reactionary/revolutionary forces;
    die Regierung hat allen verfassungsfeindlichen Kräften den Kampf angesagt the government has declared war on all anti-constitutional forces
    6. (Geltung, Rechtsgültigkeit):
    in Kraft sein be in force, be effective;
    in Kraft setzen put into force, enforce;
    in Kraft treten come into effect ( oder force), become effective;
    außer Kraft setzen annul; (Gesetz) repeal; (Vertrag etc) cancel; (Regel) auch overrule; zeitweilig: suspend;
    außer Kraft sein/treten no longer be in force/cease to be in force, expire
    * * *
    die; Kraft, Kräfte

    geistige/schöpferische Kräfte — mental/creative powers

    wieder bei Kräften sein — have [got] one's strength back

    aus eigener Kraft — by oneself or one's own efforts

    ich werde tun, was in meinen Kräften steht — I shall do everything [with]in my power

    mit vereinten Kräften sollte es gelingen — if we join forces or combine our efforts we should succeed

    nach [besten] Kräften — to the best of one's ability

    2) (Wirksamkeit) power
    3) (ArbeitsKraft) employee; (in einer Fabrik) employee; worker

    Kräfte — employees/workers; personnel pl.; (Angestellte auch) staff pl.

    4) Plural (Gruppe) forces
    5) (Physik) force

    die treibende Kraft — (fig.) the driving force

    6) (Seemannsspr.)

    volle/halbe Kraft voraus! — full/half speed ahead!

    7) in

    außer Kraft setzen — repeal < law>; countermand < order>

    außer Kraft sein/treten — no longer be/cease to be in force

    in Kraft treten/sein/bleiben — come into/be in/remain in force

    * * *
    ¨-e f.
    force n.
    power n.
    puissance n.
    strength n.
    verdure n.
    vigor n.
    vis (mechanics) n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kraft

  • 7 kraft

    Präp. (+ Gen) by virtue of; on the strength of; kraft Gesetzes by law
    * * *
    die Kraft
    fortitude; verdure; power; vigour; vigor; vigorousness; puissance; strength; force; vis; might
    * * *
    Krạft [kraft]
    f -, -e
    ['krɛftə]
    1) (körperlich, sittlich) strength no pl; (geistig, schöpferisch) powers pl; (militärisch, wirtschaftlich) strength, power; (von Prosa, Stimme) strength, power, force; (= Energie) energy, energies pl

    er weiß nicht wohin mit seiner Kraft (inf) — he's just bubbling over with energy

    er kann vor Kraft nicht mehr laufen (hum) — he's so muscle-bound he can hardly move

    die Kräfte ( mit jdm) messen — to try or pit one's strength (against sb); (fig) to pit oneself against sb

    mit letzter Kraft — with one's last ounce of strength

    die Kraft aufbringen, etw zu tun — to find the strength to do sth

    mit vereinten Kräften werden wir... — if we combine our efforts or if we join forces we will...

    das geht über meine Kräfte, das übersteigt meine Kräfte — it's more than I can take, it's too much for me

    mit aller or voller Kraft — with all one's might or strength

    er will mit aller Kraft durchsetzen, dass... — he will do his utmost to ensure that...

    aus eigener Kraft — by oneself; (fig auch) by one's own efforts, single-handedly

    nach ( besten) Kräften — to the best of one's ability

    er tat, was in seinen Kräften stand — he did everything (with)in his power

    nicht bei Kräften sein — not to be in very good shape

    See:
    → messen
    2) (PHYS einer Reaktion etc) force; (der Sonne etc) strength, power (no pl = Wirksamkeit, liter, BIBL = Macht) power
    3) (usu pl: in Wirtschaft, Politik etc) force
    4) no pl (JUR = Geltung) force

    in Kraft sein/treten/setzen — to be in/come into/bring into force

    außer Kraft sein — to have ceased to be in force, to be no longer in force

    außer Kraft setzen — to cancel, to annul

    5) no pl

    (NAUT: = Geschwindigkeit) halbe/volle Kraft voraus! — half/full speed ahead

    6) (= Arbeitskraft) employee, worker; (= Haushaltskraft) domestic help; (= Lehrkraft) teacher
    * * *
    die
    1) (strength or power that can be felt: the force of the wind.) force
    2) (a person or thing that has great power: the forces of Nature.) force
    3) ((an) ability: A witch has magic power; A cat has the power of seeing in the dark; He no longer has the power to walk.) power
    4) (strength, force or energy: muscle power; water-power; ( also adjective) a power tool (=a tool operated by electricity etc. not by hand).) power
    5) (the quality of being strong: He got his strength back slowly after his illness; I hadn't the strength to resist him.) strength
    * * *
    <-, Kräfte>
    [kraft, pl ˈkrɛftə]
    f
    1. (Stärke) strength, power; (Energie) energy
    ich hatte nicht die \Kraft, weiterzugehen I didn't have the strength to walk any further
    wenn man alle Kräfte zusammennimmt if you summon up all your strength
    er ist am Ende seiner Kräfte he can't take any more
    er kann vor \Kraft nicht mehr laufen (hum fam) he's so muscle-bound he can hardly move
    mit aller \Kraft with all one's strength
    sie wollen mit aller \Kraft durchsetzen, dass... they will do their utmost to ensure that...
    die \Kraft aufbringen, etw zu tun to find the strength to do sth
    nach besten Kräften to the best of one's ability
    bei Kräften bleiben to keep one's strength up
    aus eigener \Kraft by oneself [or one's own efforts]
    mit frischer \Kraft with renewed energy
    über jds Kräfte gehen to be more than sb can cope with
    das geht über meine Kräfte it's more than I can take
    geistige/schöpferische Kräfte mental/creative powers
    mit seinen Kräften Haus halten müssen to have to conserve one's strength
    wieder zu Kräften kommen to regain one's strength
    mit letzter \Kraft with one's last ounce of strength
    seine Kräfte [mit jdm] messen to try [or pit] one's strength [against sb]
    die militärische/wirtschaftliche \Kraft eines Landes the military/economic strength of a country
    seine Kräfte sammeln to gather one's strength
    nicht bei Kräften sein to not be in very good shape
    wieder bei Kräften sein to have [got] one's strength back
    in jds Kräften stehen to be within sb's powers
    sie tat, was in ihren Kräften stand she did everything [with]in her power
    ich will Ihnen gern[e] behilflich sein, soweit es in meinen Kräften steht I will do everything within my power to help you
    jds Kräfte übersteigen to be too much for sb
    mit vereinten Kräften with combined efforts, in a combined effort
    mit vereinten Kräften müssten wir es schaffen if we combine our efforts [or join forces] we should succeed
    die \Kraft der Verzweiflung the strength born of desperation
    nicht wissen, wohin mit seiner \Kraft (fam) to be brimming with energy
    ich weiß nicht, wohin mit meiner \Kraft I'm just bubbling over with energy
    2. kein pl JUR (Geltung) power, force
    außer \Kraft sein to be no longer [or have ceased to be] in force
    ein Gesetz außer \Kraft setzen to repeal a law
    außer \Kraft treten to cease to be in force
    in \Kraft bleiben/sein to remain/be in force
    in \Kraft seit... effective as from...; Gesetz operative from...
    in \Kraft treten to come [or enter] into force
    3. (Energie) power, force
    die heilende \Kraft der Sonne the healing power of the sun
    magnetische Kräfte magnetic attraction sing
    die treibende \Kraft the driving force
    halbe/volle \Kraft voraus! half/full speed ahead!
    5. meist pl ÖKON, POL (Einfluss nehmende Gruppe) force
    das Gleichgewicht der Kräfte the balance of power
    reaktionäre Kräfte rebel forces
    6. (Arbeitskraft) employee, worker
    ▪ Kräfte pl employees pl, workers pl, personnel + sing/pl vb, staff sing
    * * *
    die; Kraft, Kräfte

    geistige/schöpferische Kräfte — mental/creative powers

    wieder bei Kräften sein — have [got] one's strength back

    aus eigener Kraft — by oneself or one's own efforts

    ich werde tun, was in meinen Kräften steht — I shall do everything [with]in my power

    mit vereinten Kräften sollte es gelingen — if we join forces or combine our efforts we should succeed

    nach [besten] Kräften — to the best of one's ability

    2) (Wirksamkeit) power
    3) (ArbeitsKraft) employee; (in einer Fabrik) employee; worker

    Kräfte — employees/workers; personnel pl.; (Angestellte auch) staff pl.

    4) Plural (Gruppe) forces
    5) (Physik) force

    die treibende Kraft — (fig.) the driving force

    6) (Seemannsspr.)

    volle/halbe Kraft voraus! — full/half speed ahead!

    7) in

    außer Kraft setzen — repeal < law>; countermand < order>

    außer Kraft sein/treten — no longer be/cease to be in force

    in Kraft treten/sein/bleiben — come into/be in/remain in force

    * * *
    kraft präp (+gen) by virtue of; on the strength of;
    * * *
    die; Kraft, Kräfte

    geistige/schöpferische Kräfte — mental/creative powers

    wieder bei Kräften sein — have [got] one's strength back

    aus eigener Kraft — by oneself or one's own efforts

    ich werde tun, was in meinen Kräften steht — I shall do everything [with]in my power

    mit vereinten Kräften sollte es gelingen — if we join forces or combine our efforts we should succeed

    nach [besten] Kräften — to the best of one's ability

    2) (Wirksamkeit) power
    3) (ArbeitsKraft) employee; (in einer Fabrik) employee; worker

    Kräfte — employees/workers; personnel pl.; (Angestellte auch) staff pl.

    4) Plural (Gruppe) forces
    5) (Physik) force

    die treibende Kraft — (fig.) the driving force

    6) (Seemannsspr.)

    volle/halbe Kraft voraus! — full/half speed ahead!

    7) in

    außer Kraft setzen — repeal < law>; countermand < order>

    außer Kraft sein/treten — no longer be/cease to be in force

    in Kraft treten/sein/bleiben — come into/be in/remain in force

    * * *
    ¨-e f.
    force n.
    power n.
    puissance n.
    strength n.
    verdure n.
    vigor n.
    vis (mechanics) n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > kraft

  • 8 hand

    1. noun
    1) (Anat., Zool.) Hand, die

    eat from or out of somebody's hand — (lit. or fig.) jemandem aus der Hand fressen

    get one's hands dirty — (lit. or fig.) sich (Dat.) die Hände schmutzig machen

    give somebody one's hand — (reach, shake) jemandem die Hand geben od. reichen

    give or lend [somebody] a hand [with or in something] — [jemandem] [bei etwas] helfen

    pass or go through somebody's hands — (fig.) durch jemandes Hand od. Hände gehen

    hand in hand — Hand in Hand

    go hand in hand [with something] — (fig.) [mit etwas] Hand in Hand gehen

    the problem/matter in hand — das vorliegende Problem/die vorliegende Angelegenheit

    hold hands — Händchen halten (ugs. scherzh.); sich bei den Händen halten

    hold somebody's hand — jemandes Hand halten; jemandem die Hand halten; (fig.): (give somebody close guidance) jemanden bei der Hand nehmen; (fig.): (give somebody moral support or backing) jemandem das Händchen halten (iron.)

    hands off! — Hände od. Finger weg!

    take/keep one's hands off somebody/something — jemanden/etwas loslassen/nicht anfassen

    keep one's hands off something — (fig.) die Finger von etwas lassen (ugs.)

    hands up [all those in favour] — wer dafür ist, hebt die Hand!

    hands up! — (as sign of surrender) Hände hoch!

    hands down — (fig.) (easily) mit links (ugs.); (without a doubt, by a large margin) ganz klar (ugs.)

    be at hand — (be nearby) in der Nähe sein; (be about to happen) unmittelbar bevorstehen

    out of hand — (summarily) kurzerhand

    be to hand — (be readily available, within reach) zur Hand sein; (be received) [Brief, Notiz, Anweisung:] vorliegen

    go/pass from hand to hand — von Hand zu Hand gehen

    be hand in glove [with] — unter einer Decke stecken [mit]

    wait on somebody hand and foot — (fig.) jemanden vorn und hinten bedienen (ugs.)

    have one's hands full — die Hände voll haben; (fig.): (be fully occupied) alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.)

    hand on heart — (fig.) Hand aufs Herz

    get one's hands on somebody/something — jemanden erwischen od. (ugs.) in die Finger kriegen/etwas auftreiben

    lay or put one's hand on something — etwas finden

    by hand — (manually) mit der od. von Hand; (in handwriting) handschriftlich; (by messenger) durch Boten

    2) (fig.): (authority)

    with a firm/iron hand — mit starker Hand/eiserner Faust [regieren]

    he needs a father's hand — er braucht die väterliche Hand

    get out of hand — außer Kontrolle geraten; see also academic.ru/73191/take">take 1. 6); upper 1. 1)

    have a free hand to do something — freie Hand haben, etwas zu tun

    3) in pl. (custody)

    in somebody's hands, in the hands of somebody — (in somebody's possession) in jemandes Besitz; (in somebody's care) in jemandes Obhut

    fall into somebody's hands — [Person, Geld:] jemandem in die Hände fallen

    have [got] something/somebody on one's hands — sich um etwas/jemanden kümmern müssen

    he's got such a lot/enough on his hands at the moment — er hat augenblicklich so viel/genug um die Ohren (ugs.)

    have time on one's hands — [viel] Zeit haben; (too much) mit seiner Zeit nichts anzufangen wissen

    take somebody/something off somebody's hands — jemandem jemanden/etwas abnehmen

    have something in hand — etwas zur Verfügung haben; (not used up) etwas [übrig] haben

    be on hand — da sein

    5) (share)

    have a hand in something — bei etwas seine Hände im Spiel haben

    take a hand [in something] — sich [an etwas (Dat.)] beteiligen

    6) (agency) Wirken, das (geh.)

    suffer/suffer injustice at the hands of somebody — unter jemandem/jemandes Ungerechtigkeit zu leiden haben

    7) (pledge of marriage)

    ask for or seek somebody's hand [in marriage] — um jemandes Hand bitten od. (geh.) anhalten

    8) (worker) Arbeitskraft, die; Arbeiter, der; (Naut.): (seaman) Hand, die (fachspr.); Matrose, der
    9) (person having ability)

    be a good/poor hand at tennis — ein guter/schwacher Tennisspieler sein

    10) (source) Quelle, die

    at first/second/third hand — aus erster/zweiter/dritter Hand; see also firsthand; second-hand

    11) (skill) Geschick, das

    get one's hand in — wieder in Übung kommen od. (ugs.) reinkommen

    12) (style of handwriting) Handschrift, die; (signature) Unterschrift, die
    13) (of clock or watch) Zeiger, der
    14) (side) Seite, die

    on the right/left hand — rechts/links; rechter/linker Hand

    on somebody's right/left hand — rechts/links von jemandem; zu jemandes Rechten/Linken

    on every hand — von allen Seiten [umringt sein]; ringsum [etwas sehen]

    on the one hand..., [but] on the other [hand]... — einerseits..., andererseits...; auf der einen Seite..., auf der anderen Seite...

    15) (measurement) Handbreit, die
    16) (coll.): (applause) Beifall, der; Applaus, der

    give him a big hand, let's have a big hand for him — viel Applaus od. Beifall für ihn!

    17) (cards) Karte, die; (period of play) Runde, die; see also throw in 4)
    2. transitive verb
    geben; [Überbringer:] übergeben [Sendung, Lieferung]

    hand something [a]round — (pass round, circulate) etwas herumgeben; (among group) etwas herumgehen lassen

    you've got to hand it to them/her — etc. (fig. coll.) das muss man ihnen/ihr usw. lassen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [hænd] 1. noun
    1) (the part of the body at the end of the arm.) die Hand
    2) (a pointer on a clock, watch etc: Clocks usually have an hour hand and a minute hand.) der Zeiger
    3) (a person employed as a helper, crew member etc: a farm hand; All hands on deck!) der Arbeiter,der Mann
    4) (help; assistance: Can I lend a hand?; Give me a hand with this box, please.) die Hilfe
    5) (a set of playing-cards dealt to a person: I had a very good hand so I thought I had a chance of winning.) das Blatt
    6) (a measure (approximately centimetres) used for measuring the height of horses: a horse of 14 hands.) die Handbreit
    7) (handwriting: written in a neat hand.) die Handschrift
    2. verb
    (often with back, down, up etc)
    1) (to give (something) to someone by hand: I handed him the book; He handed it back to me; I'll go up the ladder, and you can hand the tools up to me.) geben
    2) (to pass, transfer etc into another's care etc: That is the end of my report from Paris. I'll now hand you back to Fred Smith in the television studio in London.) zurückgeben
    •
    - handful
    - handbag
    - handbill
    - handbook
    - handbrake
    - handcuff
    - handcuffs
    - hand-lens
    - handmade
    - hand-operated
    - hand-out
    - hand-picked
    - handshake
    - handstand
    - handwriting
    - handwritten
    - at hand
    - at the hands of
    - be hand in glove with someone
    - be hand in glove
    - by hand
    - fall into the hands of someone
    - fall into the hands
    - force someone's hand
    - get one's hands on
    - give/lend a helping hand
    - hand down
    - hand in
    - hand in hand
    - hand on
    - hand out
    - hand-out
    - handout
    - hand over
    - hand over fist
    - hands down
    - hands off! - hands-on
    - hands up! - hand to hand
    - have a hand in something
    - have a hand in
    - have/get/gain the upper hand
    - hold hands with someone
    - hold hands
    - in good hands
    - in hand
    - in the hands of
    - keep one's hand in
    - off one's hands
    - on hand
    - on the one hand... on the other hand
    -... on the other hand
    - out of hand
    - shake hands with someone / shake someone's hand
    - shake hands with / shake someone's hand
    - a show of hands
    - take in hand
    - to hand
    * * *
    [hænd]
    I. NOUN
    1. ANAT Hand f
    all these toys are made by \hand das ganze Spielzeug hier ist handgemacht
    get [or keep] your \hands off! Hände [o fam Pfoten] weg!
    \hands up! Hände hoch!
    \hands up who wants to come! Hand hoch, wer kommen will
    he had his \hands in his pockets er hatte die Hände in den Hosentaschen
    they were just holding \hands sie hielten doch nur Händchen
    the letter was delivered by \hand der Brief wurde durch einen Boten überbracht
    the student put up her \hand die Schülerin meldete sich
    to crawl on \hands and knees auf allen vieren kriechen
    to get down on one's \hands and knees auf die Knie gehen
    pen in \hand mit gezücktem Stift
    to have one's \hands full die Hände voll haben
    to be good with one's \hands geschickte Hände haben, manuell geschickt sein
    in one's [left/right] \hand in der [linken/rechten] Hand
    to get one's \hands dirty ( also fig) sich dat die Hände schmutzig machen
    to change \hands ( fig) in andere Hände übergehen
    to do sth by \hand (not by machine) work etw von Hand machen; product etw von Hand fertigen
    to hold sb's \hand jdm die Hand halten
    to keep one's \hands off sth die Finger von etw dat lassen
    ▪ to keep one's \hands off sb die Hände von jdm lassen
    to put sth into sb's \hands jdm etw in die Hand geben
    to shake \hands with sb, to shake sb's \hand jdm die Hand schütteln; (done when introducing) sich dat die Hand geben
    to take sth out of sb's \hands jdm etw aus der Hand nehmen
    to take sb by the \hand jdn an die [o bei der] Hand nehmen
    to lead sb by the \hand jdn an der Hand führen
    \hand in \hand Hand in Hand; (give assistance) jdn bei der Hand nehmen
    2. (needing attention)
    ▪ at \hand vorliegend
    the job at \hand die Arbeit, die zu tun ist
    the problem in \hand das anstehende Problem
    the matter in \hand die vorliegende Angelegenheit
    ▪ in \hand bei der Hand, verfügbar
    he had a lot of money in \hand er hatte viel Geld zur Verfügung
    4. (close, within reach)
    at [or to] \hand nah, in Reichweite
    to \hand COMM zur Hand
    to keep sth close at \hand etw in Reichweite haben
    to keep sth ready at \hand etw bereithalten
    to be at \hand zur Verfügung stehen, verfügbar sein
    we want to ensure that help is at \hand for all wir wollen sicherstellen, dass allen geholfen werden kann
    to have sth to \hand etw zur Verfügung haben
    he uses whatever materials come to \hand er verwendet einfach alle Materialien, die ihm in die Hände kommen
    to have sth on one's \hands etw an der Hand haben, über etw akk verfügen
    she's got a lot of work on her \hands sie hat wahnsinnig viel zu tun
    he's got a lot of time on his \hands er hat viel Zeit zur Verfügung
    we've got a problem on our \hands wir haben ein Problem am Hals
    5. (at one's service)
    ▪ on \hand (available) bereit, zur Verfügung
    my bank always has an advisor on \hand in meiner Bank steht den Kunden immer ein Berater zur Verfügung
    it's the \hand of fate das ist die Hand des Schicksals
    ▪ at [or by] the \hands of sb/sth durch jdn/etw
    my life is in your \hands mein Leben liegt in Ihren Händen
    your life is in your own \hands Sie haben Ihr Leben selbst in der Hand
    to be in good [or excellent] \hands in guten Händen sein
    to be in safe \hands in sicheren Händen sein
    to get sb/sth off one's \hands jdn/etw los sein
    we can relax now that we've got the kids off our \hands jetzt wo man uns die Kinder abgenommen hat, können wir etwas ausspannen
    to have a \hand in sth bei etw dat seine Hand [o die Finger] [mit] im Spiel haben, bei etw dat mitmischen
    it is thought that terrorists had a \hand in this explosion man geht davon aus, dass der Bombenanschlag auf das Konto von Terroristen geht
    to leave sth/sb in sb's \hands jdm etw überlassen/jdn in jds Obhut lassen
    to put sth into the \hands of sb/sth jdm/etw etw übergeben [o überlassen]
    there's no more we can do except leave it in the solicitor's \hands jetzt können wir nichts weiter tun als alles dem Anwalt zu überlassen
    my \hands are tied mir sind die Hände gebunden
    ▪ sth is in \hand (receiving attention, being arranged) für etw akk ist gesorgt
    to be well in \hand gut laufen fam
    to have sth well in \hand etw gut im Griff haben
    a firm \hand eine [ge]strenge Hand
    to fall into the wrong \hands in die falschen Hände geraten [o gelangen]
    to be in/out of sb's \hands unter/außerhalb jds Kontrolle sein
    it's in your \hands now, you deal with it das liegt jetzt in deiner Hand, du bearbeitest das
    to have everything in \hand alles unter Kontrolle haben
    to get out of \hand situation, matter außer Kontrolle geraten; children nicht mehr zu bändigen sein
    the horse got out of \hand ich/er, usw. verlor die Kontrolle über das Pferd
    the party got out of hand die Party ist ausgeartet
    to have sth in \hand etw unter Kontrolle haben
    to take sb/sth in \hand sich dat jdn/etw vornehmen
    8. (assistance) Hilfe f
    would you like a \hand with that bag? soll ich Ihnen helfen, die Tasche zu tragen?
    would you like a \hand carrying those bags? soll ich Ihnen beim Tragen der Taschen helfen?
    to give [or lend] sb a \hand [with sth] jdm [bei etw dat] helfen [o behilflich sein]
    to [be able to] use a \hand with sth esp AM bei etw dat Hilfe gebrauchen [können]
    9. (manual worker) Arbeiter(in) m(f), Kraft f, Mann m
    how many extra \hands will we need? wie viele Leute brauchen wir extra?; (sailor) Matrose m
    factory \hand ungelernter Fabrikarbeiter/ungelernte Fabrikarbeiterin
    10. (skilful person) Könner(in) m(f)
    [to be] a dab \hand at sth ein Könner/eine Könnerin auf seinem/ihrem Gebiet [sein], ein Geschick nt für etw akk haben
    he's quite a \hand at wallpapering er ist ziemlich gut beim Tapezieren
    he's a real Russia \hand er ist ein echter Russlandkenner
    I'm an old \hand at... ich bin ein alter Hase im/in der...
    to be good with one's \hands handfertig sein
    to keep one's \hand in (stay in practice) in Übung bleiben
    to turn one's \hand to sth sich akk an etw akk machen
    Jane can turn her \hand to just about anything Jane gelingt einfach alles, was sie anpackt
    11. (on clock, watch) Zeiger m
    minute \hand Minutenzeiger m
    the big/little \hand der große/kleine Zeiger
    12. CARDS Blatt nt
    to deal a \hand ein Blatt nt austeilen
    to show one's \hand seine Karten [o sein Blatt] zeigen
    a \hand of poker eine Runde Poker
    13. (horse measurement) Handbreit f
    14. (handwriting) Handschrift f
    in sb's \hand in jds Handschrift
    the note was written in someone else's \hand jemand anders hatte die Nachricht geschrieben
    to give sb a big \hand jdm einen großen Applaus spenden, jdn mit großem Beifall begrüßen
    16. (without consideration)
    ▪ out of \hand kurzerhand, mir nichts dir nichts fam
    they rejected any negotiations out of \hand sie schlugen jedwelche Verhandlungen kurzerhand aus
    17. COMM (in stock)
    goods on \hand Vorräte pl
    inventory on \hand FIN Vorratsbestand m
    stock on \hand verfügbarer Bestand m
    18. FIN
    note of \hand Schuldschein m
    19. COMPUT
    \hands off automatisches System
    \hands on operatorbedientes System
    20.
    ▶ to ask for sb's \hand in marriage ( form) jdn um ihre/seine Hand bitten, jdm einen Heiratsantrag machen
    ▶ a bird in the \hand [is worth two in the bush] ( prov) ein Spatz in der Hand ist besser als die Taube auf dem Dach prov
    ▶ to eat out of sb's \hands jdm aus der Hand fressen
    ▶ at first/second \hand aus erster/zweiter Hand
    ▶ to get one's \hands on sb jdn zu fassen kriegen fam, jdn schnappen fam
    ▶ to be \hand in glove [with sb] [or AM\hand and \hand] [mit jdm] unter einer Decke stecken pej
    ▶ to go \hand in \hand [with sth] Hand in Hand gehen [mit etw dat]
    ▶ to have got [sb] on one's \hands [mit jdm] zu tun haben
    ▶ to have one's \hands full jede Menge zu tun haben
    ▶ to only have one pair of \hands auch nur zwei Hände haben
    ▶ to keep a firm \hand on sth etw fest im Griff behalten
    ▶ to lay [or get] [or put] one's \hands on sth etw erwerben [o erstehen] [o fam kriegen]
    ▶ to live from \hand to mouth von der Hand in den Mund leben, sich akk gerade so durchschlagen fam, gerade so über die Runden kommen fam
    ▶ to lose/make money \hand over fist Geld schnell verlieren/scheffeln
    ▶ many \hands make light work ( prov) viele Hände machen der Arbeit bald ein Ende prov
    ▶ on the one \hand... on the other [\hand]... einerseits... andererseits
    ▶ to put in \hand esp BRIT ausführen
    all hospitals now have disaster plans to put in \hand allen Krankenhäusern stehen jetzt Katastrophenvorkehrungen zur Verfügung
    ▶ to put [or dip] one's \hand in the till in die Kasse greifen, einen Griff in die Kasse tun
    ▶ with one \hand tied:
    I could beat you with one \hand tied ich könnte dich mit links schlagen
    ▶ to have one's \hands tied nichts tun können
    my \hands have been tied mir sind die Hände gebunden
    ▶ to wait on sb \hand and foot jdn von vorne bis hinten bedienen
    ▶ to win \hands down spielend [o mit links] gewinnen
    ▪ to \hand sb sth [or to \hand sth to sb] jdm etw [über]geben [o [über]reichen]
    ▶ you've got to \hand it to sb man muss es jdm lassen
    ▶ to \hand sb a line [or a line to sb] ( fam) jdn anlügen; (less seriously) jdn anschwindeln
    * * *
    hand [hænd]
    A s
    1. Hand f:
    hands off! Hände weg!;
    hands up! Hände hoch!;
    with one’s hands up mit erhobenen Händen;
    a helping hand fig eine hilfreiche Hand;
    give ( oder lend) a (helping) hand mit zugreifen, jemandem helfen ( with bei);
    give sth a helping hand pej bei etwas mithelfen;
    do you need a hand? soll ich dir helfen?;
    give sb a hand up jemandem auf die Beine helfen oder hochhelfen;
    he asked for her hand er hielt um ihre Hand an;
    be good with one’s hands handwerkliches Geschick haben; → stand B 1
    2. a) Hand f (eines Affen)
    b) Vorderfuß m (eines Pferdes etc)
    c) Fuß m (eines Falken)
    d) Schere f (eines Krebses)
    3. Urheber(in), Verfasser(in)
    4. meist pl Hand f, Macht f, Gewalt f:
    I am entirely in your hands ich bin ganz in Ihrer Hand;
    fall into sb’s hands jemandem in die Hände fallen
    5. pl Hände pl, Obhut f:
    6. pl Hände pl, Besitz m:
    in private hands in Privathand, in Privatbesitz;
    change hands → Bes Redew
    7. Hand f (Handlungs-, besonders Regierungsweise):
    with a high hand selbstherrlich, anmaßend, willkürlich, eigenmächtig;
    with (a) heavy hand hart, streng, mit harter Hand; → iron B 3
    8. Hand f, Quelle f:
    at first hand aus erster Hand
    9. Hand f, Fügung f, Einfluss m, Wirken n:
    the hand of God die Hand Gottes;
    hidden hand (geheime) Machenschaften pl
    10. Seite f (auch fig), Richtung f:
    on every hand überall, ringsum;
    a) überall,
    b) von allen Seiten;
    on the right hand rechter Hand, rechts;
    on the one hand …, on the other hand fig einerseits …, andererseits
    11. meist in Zusammensetzungen Arbeiter(in), Mann m (auch pl), pl Leute pl, SCHIFF Matrose m: → deck A 1
    12. Fachmann m, -frau f, Routinier m:
    an old hand ein alter Fachmann oder Praktikus oder Hase umg;
    a good hand at sehr geschickt oder geübt in (dat);
    I am a poor hand at golf ich bin ein schlechter Golfspieler
    13. (gute) Hand, Geschick n:
    he has a hand for horses er versteht es, mit Pferden umzugehen;
    my hand is out ich bin außer oder aus der Übung
    14. Handschrift f:
    15. Unterschrift f:
    set one’s hand to seine Unterschrift setzen unter (akk), unterschreiben;
    under the hand of unterzeichnet von
    16. Hand f, Fertigkeit f:
    it shows a master’s hand es verrät die Hand eines Meisters
    17. Applaus m, Beifall m:
    get a big hand stürmischen Beifall hervorrufen, starken Applaus bekommen;
    give sb a hand jemandem applaudieren oder Beifall klatschen
    18. Zeiger m (der Uhr etc)
    19. Büschel n, Bündel n (Früchte), Hand f (Bananen)
    20. Handbreit f (= 4 Zoll = 10,16 cm) (besonders um die Höhe von Pferden zu messen)
    a) Spieler(in)
    b) Blatt n, Karten pl:
    c) Spiel n: → lone 1
    22. pl Fußball: Handspiel n:
    he was cautioned for hands er wurde wegen eines Handspiels verwarnt;
    hands! Hand!
    B v/t
    1. ein-, aushändigen, (über)geben, (-)reichen ( alle:
    sb sth, sth to sb jemandem etwas):
    you must hand it to him fig das muss man oder der Neid ihm lassen (anerkennend)
    2. jemandem helfen, jemanden geleiten:
    hand sb into (out of) the car jemandem ins (aus dem) Auto helfen
    3. SCHIFF die Segel festmachenBesondere Redewendungen: hand and foot
    a) an Händen und Füßen (fesseln),
    b) fig eifrig, ergeben (dienen), vorn und hinten (bedienen);
    a) auf vertrautem Fuße stehen (mit), ein Herz und eine Seele sein (mit),
    b) unter einer Decke stecken (mit) umg;
    hands down spielend, mühelos (gewinnen etc);
    hand in hand Hand in Hand (a. fig);
    hand on heart Hand aufs Herz;
    a) Hand über Hand (klettern etc),
    b) fig Zug um Zug, schnell, spielend;
    hand to hand Mann gegen Mann (kämpfen);
    a) nahe, in Reichweite,
    b) nahe (bevorstehend),
    c) bei der oder zur Hand, bereit;
    at the hands of vonseiten, seitens (gen), durch, von;
    a) mit der Hand, manuell,
    b) durch Boten,
    c) mit der Flasche (großziehen);
    carved by hand handgeschnitzt;
    a) jemanden bei der Hand nehmen,
    b) fig jemanden unter seine Fittiche nehmen;
    from hand to hand von Hand zu Hand;
    from hand to mouth von der Hand in den Mund (leben);
    a) in der Hand,
    b) zur (freien) Verfügung,
    c) vorrätig, vorhanden,
    d) fig in der Hand oder Gewalt,
    e) in Bearbeitung,
    f) im Gange;
    the letter (matter) in hand der vorliegende Brief (die vorliegende Sache);
    a) in die Hand oder in Angriff nehmen,
    b) umg jemanden unter seine Fittiche nehmen;
    a) verfügbar, vorrätig,
    b) bevorstehend,
    c) zur Stelle;
    on one’s hands
    a) auf dem Hals,
    b) zur Verfügung;
    be on sb’s hands jemandem zur Last fallen;
    a) kurzerhand, sofort,
    b) vorbei, erledigt,
    c) fig aus der Hand, außer Kontrolle, nicht mehr zu bändigen;
    let one’s temper get out of hand die Selbstbeherrschung verlieren;
    to hand zur Hand;
    come to hand eingehen, -laufen, -treffen (Brief etc);
    your letter to hand WIRTSCH obs im Besitz Ihres werten Schreibens;
    a) unter Kontrolle,
    b) unter der Hand, heimlich;
    under the hand and seal of Mr X von Mr. X eigenhändig unterschrieben oder geschrieben und gesiegelt;
    with one’s own hand eigenhändig;
    change hands in andere Hände übergehen, den Besitzer wechseln;
    the lead changed hands several times SPORT die Führung wechselte mehrmals;
    get one’s hand in Übung bekommen, sich einarbeiten;
    get sth off one’s hands etwas loswerden;
    grease ( oder oil) sb’s hand umg jemanden schmieren umg, jemanden bestechen;
    have one’s hand in in Übung sein, Übung haben;
    have a hand in seine Hand im Spiel haben bei, beteiligt sein an (dat);
    have clean hands eine weiße oder reine oder saubere Weste haben;
    have one’s hands full alle Hände voll zu tun haben;
    hold hands Händchen halten (Verliebte);
    holding hands Händchen haltend;
    hold one’s hand sich zurückhalten;
    join hands sich die Hände reichen, fig a. sich verbünden oder zusammentun;
    keep one’s hand in in Übung bleiben;
    keep a firm hand on unter strenger Zucht halten;
    lay (one’s) hands on
    a) anfassen,
    b) ergreifen, packen, habhaft werden (gen),
    c) (gewaltsam) Hand an jemanden legen,
    d) REL ordinieren;
    I can’t lay my hands on it ich kann es nicht finden;
    lay hands on o.s. Hand an sich legen;
    not lift ( oder raise) a hand keinen Finger rühren;
    live by one’s hands von seiner Hände Arbeit leben;
    play into sb’s hands jemandem in die Hände arbeiten;
    put one’s hand on
    a) finden,
    b) fig sich erinnern an (akk);
    a) ergreifen,
    b) fig in Angriff nehmen, anpacken;
    shake hands sich die Hände schütteln, Shakehands machen;
    shake hands with sb, shake sb by the hand jemandem die Hand schütteln (auch zur Gratulation etc) oder geben;
    shake hands on etwas mit Handschlag besiegeln;
    show one’s hand fig seine Karten aufdecken;
    take a hand at a game bei einem Spiel mitmachen;
    throw one’s hand in (Kartenspiel) aussteigen (a. fig);
    try one’s hand at sth etwas versuchen, es mit etwas probieren;
    wash one’s hands
    a) sich die Hände waschen,
    b) euph mal kurz verschwinden;
    wash one’s hands of it
    a) (in dieser Sache) seine Hände in Unschuld waschen,
    b) nichts mit der Sache zu tun haben wollen;
    I wash my hands of him mit ihm will ich nichts mehr zu tun haben; → cross B 1, overplay A 3, sit A 1, soil1 A a
    hd abk
    1. hand
    2. head
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Anat., Zool.) Hand, die

    eat from or out of somebody's hand — (lit. or fig.) jemandem aus der Hand fressen

    get one's hands dirty — (lit. or fig.) sich (Dat.) die Hände schmutzig machen

    give somebody one's hand — (reach, shake) jemandem die Hand geben od. reichen

    give or lend [somebody] a hand [with or in something] — [jemandem] [bei etwas] helfen

    pass or go through somebody's hands — (fig.) durch jemandes Hand od. Hände gehen

    go hand in hand [with something] — (fig.) [mit etwas] Hand in Hand gehen

    the problem/matter in hand — das vorliegende Problem/die vorliegende Angelegenheit

    hold hands — Händchen halten (ugs. scherzh.); sich bei den Händen halten

    hold somebody's hand — jemandes Hand halten; jemandem die Hand halten; (fig.): (give somebody close guidance) jemanden bei der Hand nehmen; (fig.): (give somebody moral support or backing) jemandem das Händchen halten (iron.)

    hands off! — Hände od. Finger weg!

    take/keep one's hands off somebody/something — jemanden/etwas loslassen/nicht anfassen

    keep one's hands off something — (fig.) die Finger von etwas lassen (ugs.)

    hands up [all those in favour] — wer dafür ist, hebt die Hand!

    hands down — (fig.) (easily) mit links (ugs.); (without a doubt, by a large margin) ganz klar (ugs.)

    be at hand — (be nearby) in der Nähe sein; (be about to happen) unmittelbar bevorstehen

    out of hand — (summarily) kurzerhand

    be to hand — (be readily available, within reach) zur Hand sein; (be received) [Brief, Notiz, Anweisung:] vorliegen

    go/pass from hand to hand — von Hand zu Hand gehen

    be hand in glove [with] — unter einer Decke stecken [mit]

    wait on somebody hand and foot — (fig.) jemanden vorn und hinten bedienen (ugs.)

    have one's hands full — die Hände voll haben; (fig.): (be fully occupied) alle Hände voll zu tun haben (ugs.)

    hand on heart — (fig.) Hand aufs Herz

    get one's hands on somebody/something — jemanden erwischen od. (ugs.) in die Finger kriegen/etwas auftreiben

    lay or put one's hand on something — etwas finden

    by hand — (manually) mit der od. von Hand; (in handwriting) handschriftlich; (by messenger) durch Boten

    2) (fig.): (authority)

    with a firm/iron hand — mit starker Hand/eiserner Faust [regieren]

    get out of hand — außer Kontrolle geraten; see also take 1. 6); upper 1. 1)

    have a free hand to do something — freie Hand haben, etwas zu tun

    3) in pl. (custody)

    in somebody's hands, in the hands of somebody — (in somebody's possession) in jemandes Besitz; (in somebody's care) in jemandes Obhut

    fall into somebody's hands — [Person, Geld:] jemandem in die Hände fallen

    have [got] something/somebody on one's hands — sich um etwas/jemanden kümmern müssen

    he's got such a lot/enough on his hands at the moment — er hat augenblicklich so viel/genug um die Ohren (ugs.)

    have time on one's hands — [viel] Zeit haben; (too much) mit seiner Zeit nichts anzufangen wissen

    take somebody/something off somebody's hands — jemandem jemanden/etwas abnehmen

    have something in hand — etwas zur Verfügung haben; (not used up) etwas [übrig] haben

    take a hand [in something] — sich [an etwas (Dat.)] beteiligen

    6) (agency) Wirken, das (geh.)

    suffer/suffer injustice at the hands of somebody — unter jemandem/jemandes Ungerechtigkeit zu leiden haben

    ask for or seek somebody's hand [in marriage] — um jemandes Hand bitten od. (geh.) anhalten

    8) (worker) Arbeitskraft, die; Arbeiter, der; (Naut.): (seaman) Hand, die (fachspr.); Matrose, der
    9) (person having ability)

    be a good/poor hand at tennis — ein guter/schwacher Tennisspieler sein

    10) (source) Quelle, die

    at first/second/third hand — aus erster/zweiter/dritter Hand; see also firsthand; second-hand

    11) (skill) Geschick, das

    get one's hand in — wieder in Übung kommen od. (ugs.) reinkommen

    12) (style of handwriting) Handschrift, die; (signature) Unterschrift, die
    13) (of clock or watch) Zeiger, der
    14) (side) Seite, die

    on the right/left hand — rechts/links; rechter/linker Hand

    on somebody's right/left hand — rechts/links von jemandem; zu jemandes Rechten/Linken

    on every hand — von allen Seiten [umringt sein]; ringsum [etwas sehen]

    on the one hand..., [but] on the other [hand]... — einerseits..., andererseits...; auf der einen Seite..., auf der anderen Seite...

    15) (measurement) Handbreit, die
    16) (coll.): (applause) Beifall, der; Applaus, der

    give him a big hand, let's have a big hand for him — viel Applaus od. Beifall für ihn!

    17) (cards) Karte, die; (period of play) Runde, die; see also throw in 4)
    2. transitive verb
    geben; [Überbringer:] übergeben [Sendung, Lieferung]

    hand something [a]round — (pass round, circulate) etwas herumgeben; (among group) etwas herumgehen lassen

    you've got to hand it to them/her — etc. (fig. coll.) das muss man ihnen/ihr usw. lassen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (handwriting) n.
    Handschrift f. (clock) n.
    Zeiger - m. n.
    Hand ¨-e f. v.
    einhändigen v.
    herüberreichen v.
    reichen v.

    English-german dictionary > hand

  • 9 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 10 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 11 si|ła

    Ⅰ f 1. zw. pl (fizyczna) strength U
    - tracić siły to lose one’s strength
    - być u kresu sił to be absolutely tired out a. exhausted
    - harował ponad siły he worked like a horse
    - nie miał siły zwlec się z łóżka he didn’t have the strength to get up
    - wytężył wszystkie siły, żeby nie upaść he strained every nerve not to fall down
    - maszyna napędzana siłą ludzkich rąk a hand-operated machine
    2. zw. pl (możliwości) power C/U, strength U
    - przeliczyć się ze swoimi siłami to overestimate one’s ability
    - zbierał siły, żeby stawić czoła niebezpieczeństwu he gathered all his strength to face the dangerous situation
    - wierzyć we własne siły to have confidence in oneself
    - nie wierzył we własne siły he lacked self-confidence
    - to przerasta moje siły it’s beyond my power a. capabilities
    - pisarz umarł w pełni sił twórczych the writer died at the height of his creative powers
    - siła woli will power
    3. sgt (moc) strength, force
    - siła argumentów the force of argument
    - kobieta świadoma swojej uwodzicielskiej siły a woman aware of her seductive powers
    - siła miłości/słów the power of love/words
    - siła armii military power
    - wciąż wzrasta siła związków zawodowych trade unions are getting more and more powerful
    - siła dolara/funta the strength of the dollar/the pound
    - siła wiatru/wstrząsu the force of the wind/the earthquake
    - zamieszki wybuchły ze zdwojoną siłą the riot broke out with redoubled strength
    - hałas przybierał na sile the noise was getting louder
    - siła napędowa a. sprawcza a. motoryczna czegoś przen. the driving force a. lifeblood of sth
    4. sgt (przemoc) force, violence
    - użyć siły to use force
    - zrobić coś siłą to do sth by force
    5. sgt (atut) strength
    - siłą tego filmu jest subtelna obserwacja psychologiczna the film’s strength lies in its subtle psychological observation
    6. zw. pl (tajemnicze zjawisko) power, force
    - siły nadprzyrodzone supernatural powers
    - siły nieczyste the powers of darkness, the forces of evil
    - niewidzialna siła an invisible force
    7. (pracownicy) labour GB, labor US, workforce
    - tania siła robocza cheap labour (force)
    - fachowa siła skilled labour
    - siła najemna hired labour
    8. zw. pl (grupa ludzi) force zw. pl
    - siły demokratyczne/postępowe forces of democracy/progress
    - siły rynku market forces
    - siły społeczne social forces
    9. Fiz. force
    - siła tarcia friction force
    - siła ciężkości the force of gravity
    Ⅱ siły plt 1. (możliwości) power U
    - połączyć siły to join a. combine forces
    - robić coś wspólnymi siłami to make a joint effort to do sth
    - równowaga sił między Moskwą a Waszyngtonem a balance of power between Russia and the USA
    2. (oddziały) forces
    - siły nieprzyjacielskie the enemy forces
    - siły powstańcze (the) rebel forces
    - siły lądowe/morskie/powietrzne (the) ground/naval/air forces
    - siły porządkowe the forces of law and order
    - siły zbrojne the (armed) forces
    Ⅲ siłą adv. 1. (przemocą) by force, forcibly 2. (z trudem) hardly
    - siłą powstrzymywała się od płaczu she could hardly stop herself from crying
    Ⅳ na siłę adv. pot. 1. (przemocą) by force, forcibly
    - na siłę wypchnął ich z mieszkania he pushed them out of his flat by force
    - karmić dziecko na siłę to force-feed a child
    2. (wbrew) nie można uszczęśliwiać ludzi na siłę you can take a horse to water but you can’t make it drink przysł.
    - na siłę starał się o jej względy he made every effort a. endeavour to win her favour
    3. (jeżeli nie można inaczej) at a push pot.
    - na siłę zdążę na piątek I could do it by Friday, but at a push
    - □ siła aerodynamiczna Fiz. aerodynamic force
    - siła bezwładności Fiz. inertial force
    - siła dośrodkowa Fiz. centripetal force
    - siła elektrodynamiczna Fiz. electrodynamic force
    - siła elektryczna Fiz. electric force
    - siła nabywcza Ekon. purchasing power
    - siła nośna Techn. aerodynamic lift
    - siła odśrodkowa Fiz. centrifugal force
    - siła pociągowa Techn. tractive force
    - siła pozorna Fiz. inertial force
    - siła spójności Fiz. cohesion
    - siły wytwórcze Ekon. production forces
    ■ być skazanym na własne siły to be left to one’s own devices
    - być w sile wieku to be in one’s prime
    - co sił w nogach at full pelt
    - co sił a. z całej siły a. z całych sił a. ze wszystkich sił a. ile sił with all one’s strength a. might
    - to nie jest na moje/jej siły it’s too much for me/her, it’s beyond my/her power a. capabilities
    - (nie) czuć się na siłach coś zrobić to (not) feel up to doing sth
    - mieć siłę przebicia pot. to push oneself forward
    - nie ma na niego/na to siły he’s/it’s out of control
    - nie mieć siły a. sił do kogoś/czegoś to not put up with sb/sth any longer
    - oddział w sile 20 żołnierzy a twenty-strong detachment
    - opadać z sił to run out of steam
    - próbować swoich sił w czymś a. na jakimś polu to try one’s hand at sth
    - robić coś o własnych siłach a. własnymi siłami to do sth on one’s own, to do sth unaided
    - siła by o tym opowiadać książk. a lot can be said about it
    - siła wyższa circumstances beyond one’s control; force majeure książk.
    - siła złego na jednego przysł. ≈ it never rains but it pours przysł.
    - siłą rzeczy perforce książk.; necessarily
    - trwać a. odbywać się siłą rozpędu a. bezwładu a. inercji to be a. run out of control
    - nie ma takiej siły, żebym tam poszedł wild horses wouldn’t drag me there
    - żadna siła mnie stąd nie ruszy wild horses wouldn’t drag me away from here

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > si|ła

  • 12 wind

    I 1. noun
    1) Wind, der

    be in the wind — (fig.) in der Luft liegen

    see how or which way the wind blows or lies — (fig.) sehen, woher der Wind weht

    sail close to or near the wind — hart am Wind segeln; (fig.) sich hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen

    take the wind out of somebody's sails — (fig.) jemandem den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen

    the wind[s] of change — ein frischer Wind (fig.)

    2) no pl. (Mus.) (stream of air) (in organ) Wind, der; (in other instruments) Luftstrom, der; (instruments) Bläser
    3)

    get wind of something — (fig.) Wind von etwas bekommen

    4) no pl., no indef. art. (flatulence) Blähungen

    get/have the wind up — (coll.) Manschetten (ugs.) od. Schiss (salopp) kriegen/haben

    put the wind up somebody — (coll.) jemandem Schiss machen (salopp)

    5) (breath)

    lose/have lost one's wind — außer Atem kommen/sein

    recover or get one's wind — wieder zu Atem kommen

    get one's second wind — (lit. or fig.) sich wieder steigern

    2. transitive verb

    he was winded by the blow to his stomach — nach dem Schlag in die Magengrube schnappte er nach Luft

    II 1. intransitive verb,
    1) (curve) sich winden; (move) sich schlängeln
    2) (coil) sich wickeln
    2. transitive verb,
    1) (coil) wickeln; (on to reel) spulen

    wind something off something/on [to] something — etwas von etwas [ab]wickeln/auf etwas (Akk.) [auf]wickeln

    wind somebody round one's finger — jemanden um den Finger wickeln (ugs.)

    2) (with key etc.) aufziehen [Uhr]
    3)

    wind one's/its way — sich winden; sich schlängeln

    4) (coil into ball) zu einem Knäuel/zu Knäueln aufwickeln
    5) (surround) wickeln
    6) (winch) winden
    3. noun
    1) (curve) Windung, die
    2) (turn) Umdrehung, die
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/93794/wind_back">wind back
    * * *
    I 1. [wind] noun
    1) ((an) outdoor current of air: The wind is strong today; There wasn't much wind yesterday; Cold winds blow across the desert.) der Wind
    2) (breath: Climbing these stairs takes all the wind out of me.) die Luft
    3) (air or gas in the stomach or intestines: His stomach pains were due to wind.) die Blähung
    2. verb
    (to cause to be out of breath: The heavy blow winded him.) den Atem nehmen
    3. adjective
    ((of a musical instrument) operated or played using air pressure, especially a person's breath.) Blas-...
    - windy
    - windiness
    - windfall
    - windmill
    - windpipe
    - windsurf
    - windsurfer
    - windsurfing
    - windscreen
    - windsock
    - windsurf
    - windsurfer
    - windsurfing
    - windswept
    - get the wind up
    - get wind of
    - get one's second wind
    - in the wind
    - like the wind     II past tense, past participle - wound; verb
    1) (to wrap round in coils: He wound the rope around his waist and began to climb.) winden
    2) (to make into a ball or coil: to wind wool.) aufwickeln
    3) ((of a road etc) to twist and turn: The road winds up the mountain.) sich winden
    4) (to tighten the spring of (a clock, watch etc) by turning a knob, handle etc: I forgot to wind my watch.) aufziehen
    •
    - winder
    - winding
    - wind up
    - be/get wound up
    * * *
    wind1
    [wɪnd]
    I. n
    ▪ against the \wind NAUT gegen den Wind, luvwärts fachspr
    ▪ into the \wind NAUT in den Wind
    \winds up to 60 miles per hour Windstärken bis zu 60 Meilen in der Stunde
    there isn't enough \wind es ist nicht windig genug
    the \wind started to pick up der Wind frischte auf
    the \wind is in the east/north/south/west der Wind kommt aus Osten/Norden/Süden/Westen
    to have the \wind at one's back ( also fig) Rückenwind haben
    a breath of \wind ein Lüftchen nt, ein Windhauch m
    there wasn't a breath of \wind es regte sich kein Lüftchen
    to throw caution/sb's advice to the \winds ( fig) alle Vorsicht/jds Ratschlag in den Wind schlagen
    a \wind of change ( fig) ein frischer Wind
    gust of \wind Windstoß m, Windböe f
    to take the \wind out of sb's sails ( also fig) jdm den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen
    to see which way the \wind is blowing ( also fig) sehen, woher der Wind weht
    to sail close to the \wind NAUT hart am Wind segeln; ( fig) sich akk hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen
    to go/run like the \wind laufen/rennen wie der Wind
    to run before the \wind vor dem Wind segeln
    2. no pl (breath) Atem m, Luft f
    to get one's \wind wieder Luft kriegen
    to knock the \wind out of sb ( fig) jdm den Atem verschlagen
    3. no pl (meaningless words) leere Worte, leeres Geschwätz pej
    he's full of \wind er ist ein Schaumschläger pej
    4. no pl (flatulence) Blähungen pl, Winde pl euph
    garlic gives me dreadful \wind von Knoblauch bekomme ich fürchterliche Blähungen
    to break \wind einen fahrenlassen fam
    to suffer from \wind Blähungen haben
    5. MUS (in an organ) Wind m; (in other instrument) Luftstrom m
    ▪ the \winds die [Blech]bläser(innen) m(f)
    6. (scent) Witterung f
    to get \wind of sth ( fig) von etw dat Wind bekommen
    there's something in the \wind ( fig) es liegt etwas in der Luft
    7. BRIT, AUS ( fig: fear)
    to get the \wind up Schiss kriegen oft pej derb
    to put the \wind up sb jdm Angst einjagen
    tell them your father's a policeman, that'll put the \wind up them! sag ihnen, dein Vater ist Polizist, dann kriegen sie Muffensausen! fam
    8.
    ▶ it's an ill \wind that does nobody any good ( saying) an allem lässt sich auch etwas Gutes finden
    ▶ to raise the \wind ( dated fam) Geld auftreiben fam
    ▶ to be three sheets in the \wind völlig betrunken [o fam sternhagelvoll] sein
    II. vt
    ▪ to \wind sb jdm den Atem nehmen
    the blow to the stomach \winded me durch den Schlag in den Bauch blieb mir die Luft weg
    to be/get \winded außer Atem sein/geraten
    2. BRIT (bring up wind)
    to \wind a baby ein Baby ein Bäuerchen machen lassen
    ▪ to \wind sb/sth jdn/etw wittern
    III. n modifier
    1. energy, power, turbine Wind-
    \windmill Windmühle f
    2. MUS instrument, section Blas-
    \wind player Bläser(in) m(f)
    wind2
    [waɪnd]
    I. n
    1. (bend) Windung f; of river Schleife f; in a road Kurve f
    2. (turn) Umdrehung f
    to give sth a \wind etw aufziehen
    II. vt
    <wound, wound>
    ▪ to \wind sth etw wickeln
    to \wind wool/yarn into a ball Wolle/Garn zu einem Knäuel aufwickeln
    ▪ to \wind sth around/onto sth etw um/auf etw akk wickeln
    she wound her arms around me sie schlang ihre Arme um mich
    to \wind a film onto a reel einen Film auf eine Rolle spulen
    ▪ to \wind sth off sth etw von etw dat abwickeln
    2. (cause to function)
    to \wind a clock/watch eine Uhr/Armbanduhr aufziehen
    ▪ to \wind sth etw winden [o kurbeln]
    to \wind a handle eine Kurbel drehen
    to \wind one's way sich akk schlängeln
    ▪ to \wind sth etw spulen
    to \wind a film/tape back[wards]/forwards einen Film/ein Band zurück-/vorspulen
    III. vi
    <wound, wound>
    1. (meander) stream, road sich akk schlängeln
    2. (coil) sich akk wickeln [o spulen]
    to \wind back[wards]/forwards film, tape zurück-/vorspulen
    * * *
    I [wɪnd]
    1. n
    1) Wind m

    to sail close to the wind (fig) — sich hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen; (Naut) hart am Wind segeln

    to see which way the wind blows (fig) — sehen, woher der Wind weht

    2)

    (= scent) to get wind of sth (lit, fig) — von etw Wind bekommen

    3)

    (compass point) to the four winds — in alle (vier) Winde

    4) (from bowel, stomach) Wind m, Blähung f

    to bring up wind — aufstoßen; (baby also) ein Bäuerchen machen

    5) (= breath) Atem m, Luft f (inf)
    6) (MUS: wind instruments) Bläser pl, Blasinstrumente pl
    2. vt
    1) (Brit: knock breathless) den Atem nehmen (+dat)
    2) (= scent) wittern
    3) horses verschnaufen lassen
    4) baby ein Bäuerchen machen lassen
    II [waɪnd] vb: pret, ptp wound
    1. vt
    1) (= twist, wrap) wool, bandage wickeln; turban etc winden; (on to a reel) spulen
    2) (= turn, wind up) handle kurbeln, drehen; clock, watch, clockwork toy aufziehen
    3)

    (= proceed by twisting) to wind one's way — sich schlängeln

    2. vi
    1) (river etc) sich winden or schlängeln
    2)

    how does it wind? (watch) (handle) — wie herum zieht man es auf? wie dreht or kurbelt man es?

    it won't wind — er/es lässt sich nicht aufziehen; (handle) er/es lässt sich nicht drehen or kurbeln

    3. n
    1)

    give it one more wind — zieh es noch eine Umdrehung weiter auf; (handle) kurbele or drehe es noch einmal weiter

    2) (= bend) Kehre f, Windung f
    * * *
    wind1 [wınd]
    A s
    1. Wind m:
    wind and weather permitting bei gutem Wetter;
    before the wind vor dem oder im Wind;
    a) SCHIFF zwischen Wind und Wasser,
    b) fig in einer prekären Situation;
    in(to) the wind’s eye gegen den Wind;
    like the wind wie der Wind, schnell;
    under the wind SCHIFF in Lee;
    there is too much wind es ist zu windig;
    there is sth in the wind fig es liegt etwas in der Luft;
    be (three sheets) in the wind umg Schlagseite haben;
    fling ( oder cast, throw) to the wind(s) fig außer Acht lassen, einen Rat etc in den Wind schlagen;
    gain ( oder get) the wind of einem Schiff den Wind abgewinnen;
    have (take) the wind of fig einen Vorteil haben (gewinnen) gegenüber, die Oberhand haben (gewinnen) über (akk);
    have (get) the wind up umg Bammel oder Schiss oder Muffensausen haben (kriegen);
    know how ( oder which way) the wind blows fig wissen, woher der Wind weht;
    put the wind up sb umg jemandem Angst einjagen;
    raise the wind bes Br umg (das nötige) Geld auftreiben;
    a) SCHIFF hart am Wind segeln,
    b) fig sich am Rande der Legalität oder hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen, mit einem Fuß im Gefängnis stehen;
    sow the wind and reap the whirlwind Wind säen und Sturm ernten;
    take the wind out of sb’s sails jemandem den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen; → ill A 1, scatter A 2
    2. Sturm m
    3. (Gebläse- etc) Wind m
    4. a) MED (Darm)Winde pl, Blähungen pl:
    break wind einen Wind abgehen lassen;
    get wind Blähungen bekommen;
    onions give you wind Zwiebeln blähen
    b) Rülpser pl umg:
    cola tends to give me wind auf Cola muss ich immer aufstoßen oder umg rülpsen
    5. the wind(s pl) MUS die Bläser pl
    6. JAGD Wind m, Witterung f (auch fig):
    a) wittern (akk),
    b) fig Wind bekommen von;
    get wind that … Wind davon bekommen, dass …
    7. Atem m:
    have a good wind eine gute Lunge haben;
    have a long wind einen langen Atem haben (a. fig);
    get one’s second wind besonders SPORT die zweite Luft bekommen;
    have lost one’s wind außer Atem sein; → sound1 A 1
    8. umg leeres Geschwätz
    9. Boxen: sl Magengrube f
    B v/t
    1. JAGD wittern
    2. jemandem den Atem oder die Luft nehmen (Schlag etc):
    be winded außer Atem sein
    3. verschnaufen lassen
    4. ein Baby aufstoßen oder (ein) Bäuerchen machen lassen
    wind2 [waınd]
    A s
    1. Windung f, Biegung f
    2. Umdrehung f (beim Aufziehen einer Uhr etc)
    B v/i prät und pperf wound [waʊnd]
    1. sich winden oder schlängeln (auch Fluss, Straße etc)
    2. sich winden oder wickeln oder schlingen ( round um)
    3. a) aufgewunden oder aufgewickelt werden
    b) sich aufwinden oder -wickeln lassen
    C v/t
    1. winden, wickeln, schlingen ( alle:
    round um):
    2. umwickeln ( with mit)
    a) auf-, hochwinden,
    b) Garn etc aufwickeln, -spulen
    a) eine Uhr etc aufziehen,
    b) eine Saite etc spannen
    5. oft wind up hochwinden, Erz fördern
    6. wind o.s. schlängeln:
    wind o.s. ( oder one’s way) into sb’s affection fig sich jemandes Zuneigung erschleichen, sich bei jemandem einschmeicheln
    7. SCHIFF
    a) wenden
    b) hieven
    8. a) eine Kurbel drehen
    b) kurbeln:
    wind up (down) ein Autofenster etc hochdrehen, -kurbeln (herunterdrehen, -kurbeln)
    9. oft wind forward ( oder on) einen Film etc vor-, weiterspulen:
    wind back zurückspulen
    wind3 [waınd] prät und pperf wound [waʊnd], winded [ˈwaındıd] v/t poet
    1. das Horn etc blasen
    2. ein Hornsignal ertönen lassen
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) Wind, der

    be in the wind — (fig.) in der Luft liegen

    see how or which way the wind blows or lies — (fig.) sehen, woher der Wind weht

    sail close to or near the wind — hart am Wind segeln; (fig.) sich hart an der Grenze des Erlaubten bewegen

    take the wind out of somebody's sails — (fig.) jemandem den Wind aus den Segeln nehmen

    the wind[s] of change — ein frischer Wind (fig.)

    2) no pl. (Mus.) (stream of air) (in organ) Wind, der; (in other instruments) Luftstrom, der; (instruments) Bläser
    3)

    get wind of something — (fig.) Wind von etwas bekommen

    4) no pl., no indef. art. (flatulence) Blähungen

    get/have the wind up — (coll.) Manschetten (ugs.) od. Schiss (salopp) kriegen/haben

    put the wind up somebody — (coll.) jemandem Schiss machen (salopp)

    lose/have lost one's wind — außer Atem kommen/sein

    recover or get one's wind — wieder zu Atem kommen

    get one's second wind — (lit. or fig.) sich wieder steigern

    2. transitive verb II 1. intransitive verb,
    1) (curve) sich winden; (move) sich schlängeln
    2) (coil) sich wickeln
    2. transitive verb,
    1) (coil) wickeln; (on to reel) spulen

    wind something off something/on [to] something — etwas von etwas [ab]wickeln/auf etwas (Akk.) [auf]wickeln

    2) (with key etc.) aufziehen [Uhr]
    3)

    wind one's/its way — sich winden; sich schlängeln

    4) (coil into ball) zu einem Knäuel/zu Knäueln aufwickeln
    5) (surround) wickeln
    6) (winch) winden
    3. noun
    1) (curve) Windung, die
    2) (turn) Umdrehung, die
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (round) v.
    wickeln (um) v. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: wound)
    = abspulen v.
    aufspulen v.
    aufwickeln v.
    drehen v.
    schlängeln v.
    sich winden v.
    winden v.
    (§ p.,pp.: wand, gewunden) n.
    Wind -e m.

    English-german dictionary > wind

  • 13 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

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